we shall just now briefly make mention, were included under the name of
'Britanniæ.'"
The name
Britain
descends from the Latin name for Britain,
Britannia
or
Brittānia
,
the land of the Britons. Old French
Bretaigne
(whence also Modern
French
Bretagne
) and Middle English
Bretayne
,
Breteyne
. The French form
replaced the Old English
Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten
(also
Breoton-lond,
Breten-lond
). Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the
British Isles taken together. It is derived from the travel
writings of Pytheas around
320 BC, which described various islands in the North Atlantic as far north
as Thule (probably Norway).
The peoples of these islands of
Prettanike
were called the
Πρεττανοί,
Priteni
or
Pretani
.
Priteni
is the source of the Welsh
language term Prydain,
Britain
, which has the same source as
the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants
of Ireland.
[22]
The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans.
Greek historians Diodorus of Sicily and Strabo preserved variants
of
Prettanike
from the work of Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia, who travelled
from his home in Hellenistic southern Gaul to Britain in the 4th century BC. The
term used by Pytheas may derive from a Celtic word meaning "the painted ones" or
"the tattooed folk" in reference to body decorations. According to Strabo, Pytheas
referred to Britain as
Bretannikē
, which is treated a feminine
noun.
[24][25][26][27]
Marcian of Heraclea, in his
Periplus maris exteri
, described the
island group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles).
Derivation of
Great
The Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as
great
Britain
(μεγάλη Βρεττανία
megale Brettania
)
and to Ireland as
little Britain
(μικρὰ
Βρεττανία
mikra Brettania
) in his work
Almagest
(147–148 AD).
[30]
In his later
work,
Geography
(c. 150 AD), he gave the islands the names
Alwion
,
Iwernia
,
and
Mona
(the Isle of Man),
[31]
suggesting these may have been the names of the
individual islands not known to him at the time of writing
Almagest
.
[32]
The
name
Albion
appears to have fallen out of use sometime after the Roman conquest
of Britain, after which
Britain
became the more commonplace name for the
island.
[18]
After the Anglo-Saxon period,
Britain
was used as a historical term only. Geoffrey
of Monmouth in his pseudohistorical
Historia Regum Britanniae
(
c.
1136)
refers to
the island of Great Britain as
Britannia major
("Greater Britain"), to distinguish it
from
Britannia minor
("Lesser Britain"), the continental region which
approximates to modern Brittany, which had been settled in the fifth and sixth
centuries by Celtic Briton migrants from Great Britain.
[
citation needed
]
The term
Great Britain
was first used officially in 1474, in the instrument drawing
up the proposal for a marriage between Cecily, daughter of Edward IV of England,
and James, son of James III of Scotland, which described it as "this Nobill Isle,
callit Gret Britanee". While promoting a possible royal match in 1548, Lord
Protector Somerset said that the English and Scots were, "like as twoo brethren of
one Islande of great Britaynes again." In 1604, James VI and I styled himself "King
of
Great Brittaine, France and Ireland".
Modern use of the term
Great Britain
Great Britain
refers geographically to the island of Great Britain. Politically, it may
refer to the whole of England, Scotland and Wales, including their smaller offshore
islands.
[34]
It is not technically correct to use the term to refer to the whole of
the United Kingdom which includes Northern Ireland, though the Oxford English
Dictionary states "...the term is also used loosely to refer to the United
Kingdom."
[35][36]
Similarly,
Britain
can refer to either all islands in Great Britain, the largest island,
or the political grouping of countries.
[37]
There is no clear distinction, even in
government documents: the UK government yearbooks have used
both
Britain
[38]
and
United Kingdom
.
[39]
GB
and
GBR
are used instead of
UK
in some international
codes to refer to the
United Kingdom, including the Universal Postal Union, international sports
teams, NATO, and the International Organization for Standardization country
codes ISO 3166-2 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-3, whilst the aircraft registration prefix is
G.
On the Internet, .uk is the country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom.
A .gb top-level domain was used to a limited extent, but is now deprecated;
although existing registrations still exist (mainly by government organizations and
email providers), the domain name registrar will not take new registrations.
In the Olympics,
Team GB
is used by the British Olympic Association to represent
the British Olympic team. The Olympic Council of Ireland claims to represent the
whole island of Ireland, and Northern Irish sportspeople may choose to compete for
either team,
[40]
most choosing to represent Ireland.
Political definition
Politically,
Great Britain
refers to the whole of England, Scotland and Wales in
combination,
[42]
but not Northern Ireland;
it includes islands, such as the Isle of
Wight, Anglesey, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrides and the island groups
of Orkney and Shetland, that are part of England, Wales, or Scotland. It does not
include the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
[42][43]
The political union that joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland happened in
1707 when the Acts of Union ratified the 1706 Treaty of Union and merged the
parliaments of the two nations, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain, which
covered the entire island. Before this, a personal union had existed between these
two countries since the 1603 Union of the Crowns under James VI of Scotland and
I of England.
[
citation needed
]
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