h-e-i-k-h, but not S-h-a-y-k-h, as it is in the subject line.” He asked for a translation of a verse
from the Koran. A few more matters of administration were discussed. Then KSM’s personal
representative read his confession:
I hereby admit and affirm without duress to the following:
I swore Bay’aat [i.e., allegiance] to Sheikh Usama Bin Laden to conduct Jihad…
I was the Operational Director for Sheikh Usama Bin Laden for the organizing, planning,
follow-up, and execution of the 9/11 Operation.…
I was directly in charge, after the death of Sheikh Abu Hafs Al-Masri Subhi Abu Sittah, of
managing and following up on the Cell for the Production of Biological Weapons, such as
anthrax and others, and following up on Dirty Bomb Operations on American soil.
Then he listed every single Al Qaeda operation for which he had been, in his words, either “a
responsible participant, principal planner, trainer, financier (via the Military Council Treasury),
executor, and/or a personal participant.” There were thirty-one items in that list: the Sears Tower
in Chicago, Heathrow Airport, Big Ben in London, countless U.S. and Israeli embassies,
assassination attempts on Bill Clinton and Pope John Paul II, and on and on, in horrifying detail.
Here, for example, are items 25 to 27:
25. I was responsible for surveillance needed to hit nuclear power plants that generate
electricity in several U.S. states.
26. I was responsible for planning, surveying, and financing to hit NATO Headquarters in
Europe.
27. I was responsible for the planning and surveying needed to execute the Bojinka Operation,
which was designed to down twelve American airplanes full of passengers. I personally
monitored a round-trip, Manila-to-Seoul, Pan Am flight.
The statement ended. The judge turned to KSM: “Before you proceed, Khalid Sheikh
Muhammad, the statement that was just read by the Personal Representative, were those your
words?” KSM said they were, then launched into a long, impassioned explanation of his actions.
He was simply a warrior, he said, engaged in combat, no different from any other soldier:
War start from Adam when Cain he killed Abel until now. It’s never gonna stop killing of
people. This is the way of the language. American start the Revolutionary War then they starts
the Mexican then Spanish War then World War One, World War Two. You read the history.
You know never stopping war. This is life.
KSM’s extraordinary confession was a triumph for Mitchell and Jessen. The man who had
come to them in 2003, angry and defiant, was now willingly laying his past bare.
But KSM’s cooperation left a crucial question unanswered: was what he said true? Once
someone has been subjected to that kind of stress, they are in Charles Morgan territory. Was
KSM confessing to all those crimes just to get Mitchell and Jessen to stop? By some accounts,
Mitchell and Jessen had disrupted and denied KSM’s sleep for a week. After all that abuse, did
KSM know what his real memories were anymore? In his book Why Torture Doesn’t Work,
neuroscientist Shane O’Mara writes that extended sleep deprivation “might induce some form of
surface compliance”—but only at the cost of “long-term structural remodeling of the brain
systems that support the very functions that the interrogator wishes to have access to.”
Former high-ranking CIA officer Robert Baer read the confession and concluded that KSM
was “making things up.” One of the targets he listed was the Plaza Bank building in downtown
Seattle. But Plaza Bank wasn’t founded as a company until years after KSM’s arrest. Another
longtime CIA veteran, Bruce Reidel, argued that the very thing that made it hard to get KSM to
cooperate in the first place—the fact that he was never getting out of prison—is also what made
his claims suspect. “He has nothing else in life but to be remembered as a famous terrorist,”
Reidel said. “He wants to promote his own importance. It’s been a problem since he was
captured.” If he was going to spend the rest of his days in a prison cell, why not make a play for
the history books? KSM’s confession went on and on:
9. I was responsible for planning, training, surveying, and financing for the Operation to
bomb and destroy the Panama Canal.
10. I was responsible for surveying and financing for the assassination of several former
American Presidents, including President Carter.
Was there anything KSM did not claim credit for?
None of these critics questioned the need to interrogate KSM. The fact that strangers are hard
to understand doesn’t mean we shouldn’t try. Ponzi schemers and pedophiles can’t be allowed to
roam free. The Italian police had a responsibility to understand Amanda Knox. And why did
Neville Chamberlain make such an effort to meet Hitler? Because with the threat of world war
looming, trying to make peace with your enemy is essential.
But the harder we work at getting strangers to reveal themselves, the more elusive they
become. Chamberlain would have been better off never meeting Hitler at all. He should have
stayed home and read Mein Kampf. The police in the Sandusky case searched high and low for
his victims for two years. What did their efforts yield? Not clarity, but confusion: stories that
changed; allegations that surfaced and then disappeared; victims who were bringing their own
children to meet Sandusky one minute, then accusing him of terrible crimes the next.
James Mitchell was in the same position. The CIA had reason to believe that Al Qaeda was
planning a second round of attacks after 9/11, possibly involving nuclear weapons. He had to get
KSM to talk. But the harder he worked to get KSM to talk, the more he compromised the quality
of their communication. He could deprive KSM of sleep for a week, at the end of which KSM
was confessing to every crime under the sun. But did KSM really want to blow up the Panama
Canal?
Whatever it is we are trying to find out about the strangers in our midst is not robust. The
“truth” about Amanda Knox or Jerry Sandusky or KSM is not some hard and shiny object that
can be extracted if only we dig deep enough and look hard enough. The thing we want to learn
about a stranger is fragile. If we tread carelessly, it will crumple under our feet. And from that
follows a second cautionary note: we need to accept that the search to understand a stranger has
real limits. We will never know the whole truth. We have to be satisfied with something short of
that. The right way to talk to strangers is with caution and humility. How many of the crises and
controversies I have described would have been prevented had we taken those lessons to heart?
We are now close to returning to the events of that day in Prairie View, Texas, when Brian
Encinia pulled over Sandra Bland. But before we do, we have one last thing to consider—the
strangely overlooked phenomenon of coupling.
1
There was plenty of experience with waterboarding at the Navy SERE school, however. There, the training philosophy
was a little different. “The Navy’s view was that people go into that situation expecting that they can hold out, that they can
be cocky. When that happens to you [not holding out], you’re devastated and you don’t bounce back,” Mitchell said. “So,
part of what they try to do in the Navy school is show people that you really will capitulate at some point. But your job as
an American soldier is to resist to the best of your ability.” The Navy wanted to show their trainees how bad things could
get. The Air Force felt their trainees were better off not knowing that.
2
In another, larger study, Morgan found that 77 out of 114 soldiers falsely identified their interrogators in a photo lineup—
and this was 24 hours after interrogation! When these soldiers were asked how confident they were in their responses, there
was no relationship between confidence and accuracy.
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