Systematic Review of Gossypol/at-101 in Cancer Clinical Trials


Keywords: oral gossypol; AT-101; clinical trial; cancer; oncologic patients 1. Introduction



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Systematic Review of GossypolAT-101 in Cancer Clin

Keywords:
oral gossypol; AT-101; clinical trial; cancer; oncologic patients
1. Introduction
Gossypol is a complex polyphenolic compound naturally occurring in the glands,
leaves, stems, roots, and seeds of cotton plants with the highest concentration in the
seeds [
1
,
2
]. Gossypol is a strongly colored yellow, crystalline pigment, which is almost
insoluble in water and hexane and, in contrast, soluble in acetone, chloroform, ether, and
Pharmaceuticals
2022
,
15
, 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15020144
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/pharmaceuticals


Pharmaceuticals
2022
,
15
, 144
2 of 33
methyl ethyl ketone (butanone). It is also partially soluble in crude vegetable oils. The chem-
ical formula is C
30
H
30
O
8
and the systematic name is 2,2
0
-bis (formyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-5-
isopropanyl-3-methylnaphthalene) [
2
,
3
]. Due to the restricted rotation of the two naphthyl
rings around the interlinking C–C bond, gossypol exhibits atropisomerism (Figure
1
) [
4
].
Pharmaceuticals 
2022

15
, x FOR PEER REVIEW 
2 of 34 
1. Introduction 
Gossypol is a complex polyphenolic compound naturally occurring in the glands, 
leaves, stems, roots, and seeds of cotton plants with the highest concentration in the seeds 
[1,2]. Gossypol is a strongly colored yellow, crystalline pigment, which is almost insoluble 
in water and hexane and, in contrast, soluble in acetone, chloroform, ether, and methyl 
ethyl ketone (butanone). It is also partially soluble in crude vegetable oils. The chemical 
formula is C
30
H
30
O
8
and the systematic name is 2,2

-bis (formyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-5-
isopropanyl-3-methylnaphthalene) [2,3]. Due to the restricted rotation of the two naphthyl 
rings around the interlinking C–C bond, gossypol exhibits atropisomerism (Figure 1) [4]. 

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