2. Catalysis using Gold Nanoparticle Systems
Gold is known to be highly inert but gold nanoparticles are
known to possess catalytic and other applications. While
catalysis employing other transition-metals failed, gold
nanoparticles continues to attract synthetic chemists due to
the intriguing ability to activate seemingly inert substrates.
2.1. Au/TiO
2
mediated Carbene insertion
Stratakis reports the Au nanoparticle-supported on TiO
2
catalysis of the insertion of carbenes from electron deficient
compounds
like
α
-diazocarbonyl
compounds
into
hydrosilanes.
[15]
Thus treatment of ethyl diazoacetate
1
with
triethylsilane in presence of 1 mol% of Au/TiO
2
in DCE as
solvent affords
α
-silylacetates
2
in good to excellent yields
(Scheme 1) along with reduction products (C=N
2
to CH
2
).
The reaction extends to variety of diazoketones and silane
substituents.
Scheme 1. Insertion of carbene into hydrosilanes in presence
of Au nanoparticles.
Other silanes like 1,2-disilane, silylboranes, diboranes failed
to participate, allowing the dimerization of diazoesters or
partial hydrosilylation products. In order to confirm
mechanism, the reaction was attempted with equimolar
mixture of PhMe
2
SiH and PhMe
2
SiD in presence of ethyl
diazoacetate (Scheme 2). A substantial primary kinetic
isotope effect of k
H
/k
D
= 4.8±0.4 was observed. This value
was found to be significantly larger than analogues metal-
catalyzed protocols, indicated different mechanism of
insertion. Careful analysis of the substituents in aromatic
rings indicated donors at the para position and acceptors at the
para position of aryldimethylsilane increase the reaction rate.
The Hammett plots linear correlation need to be reasserted
due to Au NPs differ in their absorption-desorption rates on
the catalyst’s surface.
Scheme 2. Kinetic isotope experiments with diazoester
Mechanistically, two activation modes were proposed: the
insertion of the σ Si-H bond of the hydrosilanes on Au
n
to
form intermediate
3
and the formation of adsorbed electron-
rich carbenes on the Au nanoparticle from α-diazoesters. The
electron deficient adatom then form
5
, where in coadsorbed
carbene and hydrosilane are proximal and couple to form the
final product. The magnitude of the k
H
/k
D
was consistent with
the H or D transfer from
5
to the carbene. As H is bonded to
nucleus with very high reduced mass (Au) and is transferred
to a carbon atom which has a relatively lower reduced mass.
This supports the large isotopic effect observed in this
experiment. Further, the electron-withdrawing substituents on
ArMe
2
SiH enhance the rate due to the presence of partial
positive charge on the silicon atom in the transition state is
partially lower compared to intermediate
5
in the mechanistic
cycle (Scheme 3).
Scheme 3. Mechanism of the Au NP/TiO
2
catalyzed insertion
of carbenes
The reaction was found to be purely heterogeneous, and
requires no ligands or additives. Further, the catalysts can be
recycled and reused.
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