2.4. Au on Mg-Al layered double hydroxide for
synthesis of flavones
In 2012, Mizuno reported an one pot synthesis of flavones in
the presence of gold nanoparticles supported on a Mg-Al
layered
double
hydroxide
(Au/LDH)
from
2’-
hydroxyacetophenones and benzaldehydes (or benzyl
alcohols, Scheme 11).
[18a]
Scheme 11. One-pot synthesis of Flavones
Prior to this article, the tranditional routes to make flavones
included Baker-Venkataraman reaction
[18b]
and the Alla-
Robinson reactions,
[18c]
involving (i) condensation of 2’-
hydroxyacetophenones with acid chlorides followed by
rearrangement and (ii) acid-catalyzed cyclodehydration of the
β
-diketone intermediate in presence of strong base. Second
route involved the Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 2’-
hydroxyacetophenones with benzaldehydes followed by
oxidative dehydrogenation. In order to check the active
species, Au/LDH was removed by hot filtration during the
reaction and the yield of the product did not improve (50%
yield) with the filtrate under same reaction condition. An ICP-
AES analysis (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission
spectroscopy) indicated the tiny levels of gold, magnesium,
and
Scheme 12. One pot synthesis of flavones from benzyl
alcohols
aluminum species (Au: <0.03%, Mg: 0.02%, Al: <0.4%).
This indicated no leaching and Au/LDH acted like a
heterogeneous catalyst. Further, due to their nature of
promoting aerobic oxidation, Au/LDH was employed for the
direct one-pot oxidation of benzylic alcohols to synthesize
flavones (Scheme 12). Mechanistically the reaction proceeds
through three steps. The first step could be the Claisen-
Schmidt condensation of the 2’-hydroxyacetophenone
18a
with the benzaldehyde to yield the 2’-hydroxychalcone. This
undergoes intramolecular hetero-Michael addition to form
chromanones. It was concluded that the first two steps were
presumably catalyzed by LDH, a solid base catalyst. The final
step, oxidative dehydrogenation, was mostly catalyzed by
Au/LDH as observed from radical quenching experiments
with BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) and TEMPO
(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl).
Trial
experiments
conducted for the last step by using Rh/LDH, Rh/LDH,
Pd/LDH, Pt/LDH failed while the Gu/LDH provided
significant rate and yield of product flavone. The reaction
conducted in presence of TEMPO, a free radical scavenger,
capable of abstracting hydrogen atom, led to increased rate
compared to its absence. This result clearly suggests that the
reaction proceeds through the formation of Au-H species
during the catalytic cycle and forms TEMP-OH, when used in
equimolar amounts. The last step, presumably proceeds by
deprotonation/hydride elimination mechanism. The molecular
oxygen regenerates the active gold species by removing the
hydrogen from the Au-H species via the formation of a
hydroperoxide. The proton stored on the LDH gets consumed
for the product of water.
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