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Pd. In this perspective, Guénin et al reported six catalytic
reactions involving palladium nanoparticles using pH
mediated stablizers in water as medium.
[30b]
The stabilizers
affected the reaction by escorting the substrate molecules to
the palladium surface to result in high turnover of Suzuki
Miyaura,
Sonogashira,
Heck,
nitrophenol
reduction,
hydrogenation of alkenes and pentynoic cycloisomerization
reactions. The palladium nanoparticles are prepared from
stock solution of Na
2
PdCl
4
in presence of metal chelating
agents such as phosphonic acids (Figure 6) at three different
pH values (3, 7 and 10) in presence sodium ascorbate as
reducing agents. The reduction was monitored by UV-Visible
spectroscopy following the disappearance of band at 430 nm
for Pd(II) species. The acidic or neutral solutions fetched
larger NPs>50 nm size and small NPs (<5 nm) size and were
non-homogeneous in appearance. While the
Figure 6. Phosphorus stabilizers employed for Pd NPs
synthesis
morphological and crystallographic features studied for basic
solution of Pd NPs showed spherical identity with size of
around 6 nm. The SAED pattern showed presence of crystal
phase through appearance of (111), (200), (220) and (311)
diffraction planes of cubic packing of palladium with lattice
distance of 2.25 Å. XPS analysis indicated P 2p peaks as
doublet due to spin orbit coupling, P 2p
3/2
and P 2p
1/2
separated by 0.9 eV and ratio of 2:1 between their areas with
binding energy of P 2p
3/2
component was 134.0 eV compared
to powder by 1.4 eV. This suggests the coordination of the
Scheme 36. Pd NPs mediated cross-couplings, reduction and
cycloisomerization
phosphate head group to the metal centre. The Pd 3d
5/2
corresponding to Pd(0) displayed its appearance at 335.6 eV
with 5.25 eV distance to 3d
3/2
peak. Further, PdO and PdO
2
compounds were also found at 336.9 eV and 338.0 eV due to
oxidation of Pd-NPs or the presence of Pd(II), originated form
traces of unreacted precursor. The water soluble palladium
nanocatalyst was tested in the cross-coupling, reduction and
cycloisomerization reaction (Scheme 36). The cross-coupling
was attempted using potassium carbonate as base in ethanol-
water solvent mixture under microwave heating conditions.
All the TOF are reported in scheme 36. It was possible to fine
tune the stabilizer constitution permitting an effective mass
transfer of the reactants to the catalyst surface. The palladium
quantity was reduced to ppm level without much need of
surfactants or co-catalysts. The catalysts were stored under
aerobic conditions at 4
o
C and were employed up to 6 months
without loss in catalytic activity.
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