by Pt NPs (Scheme 89).
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altering the size of the Pt NPs. The report was based on the
fact that the particle size in the range of 0.7-5.3 nm had
dramatic effect on the activity of hydrogenation reaction. The
authors employed the sol-gel process of resorcinol-
formaldehyde (RF) resin to afford a thin layer of the RF resin
on silica nanospheres whose particle size was determined to
be around 5 nm. The Pt salts were now reduced whose
concentrations can be varied and the Pt NPs form
multidentate interactions with RF resin. A control sample
with size of 5.3 nm was also synthesized by employing
amine-modified silica nanosphere as support. The oxidation
states of the Pt NPs were analyzed by Pt 4f
7/2
and 4f
5/2
peaks
appearing at 71.70 and 70.80 eV of the binding energy when
observed from the core-level XPS analysis. Pt(IV) species of
4f
7/2
also appeared at 74.20 eV, the oxidative state of the Pt
NPs increases continuously with decreasing size.
It was shown that Pt NPs of small size (1.2 nm) showed
enhanced
catalytic
activity
in
the
regioselective
hydrogenation
of
quinoline
to
form
1,2,3,4-
tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) with 99% conversion in 80
minutes. Further, this catalyst showed six-fold increase in the
TOF compared to Pt NPs of larger size, 5.3 nm and increase
in the catalytic mass activity reaches as large as 28-fold. This
is in agreement with the Sabatier principle and the interaction
between the Pt NPs and the reactants was neither too weak
(size >1.2 nm) nor too strong (size <1.2 nm). The catalyst was
found to be intact in the cavities of PVP and it can be
recovered without any dissolution, detachment or aggregation
and performs repeatedly up to 5 times without much impact
on selectivity and conversion. The size dependent property
was confirmed by H
2
and D
2
adsorption-desorption kinetic
experiments. Further, the
1
H NMR spectroscopic analysis of
the reaction mixture detects no quinoline signals from Pt NPs
of large size (2.4 and 5.3 nm), while strong signals of
quinoline were observed from Pt NPs of small sizes (0.7 and
1.2 nm). Further, the
1
H NMR signals shift to low fields, due
to enhanced electron transfer from quinoline to the Pt NPs.
This was confirmed by DFT calculations which indicated
tilting configurations of quinoline on the Pt surface. The
authors also performed kinetic isotope experiments and a
primary kinetic effect was evident with reaction rates (k
H
/k
D
)
as large as 4.8. suggesting the involvement of cleavage of O-
H bond of support. Pt NPs are predominantly composed as
Pt(0) and their oxides, the heterolytic dissociation of the
hydrogen could be promoted by forming O-H (δ+) and Pt-H
(δ-) species, with the formation of O-H (δ+). These
propositions were confirmed by FT-IR analysis. The rate
determining step could be the hydrogenation step that
involves transfer of hydrogen from Pt-H (δ-) and O-H (δ+)
species to the quinoline moiety. The HD formation was 200
times quicker than the hydrogenation of quinoline. On the
contrary, if the Pt NPs are extremely small, the interaction
between Pt NPs and H
2
/quinoline becomes too strong, which
leads to poisoning of the catalyst and leads to lower reaction
rates. Therefore, the interaction between the quinoline and Pt
NPs turns out to be size-dependent and critical to overall
reaction rates.
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