Subjective and usually over-generalises but Jake is more

Modal auxiliary verbs, such as can, could, may, might, should and would, g.,
RIGHT: The risks of this new vaccine may have been overestimated.
WRONG: The risks of this new vaccine have been overestimated.

Lexical verbs, such as appear, assume, believe, look, seem suggest, tend, etc., e.g.,
RIGHT: Johnson (2007) appears to ignore the adverse psychological side-effects of this approach.
WRONG: Johnson (2007) ignores the adverse psychological side-effects of this approach.

Adverbs of frequency, such as generally, often, sometimes, usually, g.,
RIGHT: Dogs often protect their owners.
WRONG: Dogs protect their owners.

Modal adverbs, such as conceivably, likely, perhaps, possibly, probably, g.,
RIGHT: The use of this methodology will likely produce more reliable findings.
WRONG: The use of this methodology will produce more reliable findings.

to a large extent	seem(s) to demonstrate that	largely
there is some evidence that	generally	may/can/might
at least (5 reasons)	often	it appears
possible/possibly	point to	probably
suggest(s)	in some (many/most) cases	there seems to be
likely	It would seem difficult to accept that	Arguably
...would seem to indicate that...	In general I agree with X...although....	It is generally assumed that
I would not go so far as to say ...	It is difficult (to accept/see/believe) that...	X does not really (say/prove) his point
in some ways	quite	somewhat
suggests rather tentatively	it would seem logical that	to an extent
It seems equally likely that	It appears likely that	there is some suggestive work
may be interpreted	It is arguable

TASK1
Rewrite these sentences using hedging language.
1.Playing violent video games causes more aggression, bullying, and fighting
2.Mars is the focus of much scientific study and the foremost planet for human colonization.
3. News reports can never be trusted because of media bias, journalist interpretation and agenda setting.
4.The main concerns for the future generations are global food supplies and population growth. Both of these have to be addressed by international leaders within the next five years
5. Most people think that Climate Change is caused by human activities.
6. The key factor of divorce is gender hierarchy and gender inequality.
7. The impact of the UK’s ageing population will lead to increased welfare costs. Consequently, this will result in higher taxes and an increased retirement age for younger people.
8.Everybody agrees that the main cause of the financial crash was subprime mortgage lending.

TASK2

1. 
   All people are afraid of snakes. (many)
   
2. 
   I will definitely pass the exam. (probably)
   
3. 
   Children always prefer sweets to fruit. (generally)
   
4. 
   Old people find using computers difficult. (tend to)
   
5. 
   In the future, e-books will be widely available. (might)
   
6. 
   The driver was surely drunk. (it is possible that)
   
7. 
   If you smoke, you will have health problems. (are more likely to)
   

10. Nowadays, people are more interested in global politics. (seem to be)
TASK3
The sentences are taken from the paragraphs about student stress and psychological well-being.
1. Families and teachers always force the students to study more. (usually)
2. Parental pressure is an important reason for students’ stress. (modal)
3. Especially in Turkey, parents want their children to have popular jobs. (many)
4. 40% of young people in Turkey are not satisfied with the education they have. (Research suggests that…)
5. People who have close relationships have are more successful than other people. (be believed to …)