Subject matter of translation. Different trends in the theory of translation. General and special branches theory of translation. Types of translation. Translation as an act of communication. Problems for discussion

Free translation,on the other hand, consists in pragmatically unmotivated additions and omissions of semantic information. In literal translation the translator distorts the message by slavishly reproducing the form while in free translation he distorts it by overstepping his authority and assuming the role of a co-author.
For instance, Irinarkh Vvedensky sometimes added pages of his own to Dickens's novels. He translates the phrase "She burst out crying" as «Слезы показались на прелестных глазах милой малютки». And the word "refuge" as «Приют, где наслаждался я мирным счастьем детских лет».
The ways of adequate translation
Grammatical and lexical parallelisms between the source language and the target language made it possible in some cases to retain formal equivalence without departing from semantic or pragmatic equivalence. Otherwise various lexico-grammatical transformations are used. For details see the lectures on the lexical and grammatical problems of translation.
Losses and their compensation
It will be recalled that some marginal elements of information may be lost in translation. Some of them may be compensated for by the use of different devices, sometimes in a different portion of the message. For instance, the Russian vernacular «Но ваше дело рисковое» (Sholokhov) may be translated as "But your job is damn risky" thus the use of a low colloquial lexical item (damn) compensates for the nonstandard morphological form (рисковое). In the phrase «подкинуть идейку» a derogatory connotation is expressed by the suffix. In the English phrase "to sell the idea" the noun is neutral but the derogatory connotation is shifted to the verb.
QUESTIONS FOR SELF CONTROL:
1. What is translation?
2. What subjects is the translation of theory and practice based on?
3. What is the subject matter of the theory of translation?
4. What are the main directions in the history of translation?
5. What are the main features of the nature of translation?
6. What stages of communicative act can be defined?
6. What linguistic and extra-linguistic aspects of translation do you know?

Recommended literature:

1. Barkhudarov L.S. Language and translation. M. 1975.
2. Shvaytser A.D. Translation and linguistics .M. 1973.
3. Levitskaya T.R, Fiterman A.M. The problem of Translation on the material of the contemporary English language. M. 1974.
4. Nida.E. Towards a science of translation. Leiden. 1964.
5. Roger. N. Bell. Translation and translating . (Theory and practice). London, New York. 1995.