Study Notes management accounting acca f2



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Study Notes MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING ACCA F

favourable
or 
adverse
. Appropriate control action is then taken to control 
variances. 
▪ 
Its gives like with like comparison. 
▪ 
It determines cost behaviour patterns. 
▪ 
It gives realistic performance evaluation. 
 
Variance Reporting: 
It is the reporting of differences between budgeted and actual performance 
Variance = Actual – Budget (flex budget)
Variances are: 
Favourable
if the business has more money as a result 
Unfavourable (Adverse)
if the business has less money as a result 
Favourable variances are NOT always good for the organisation. For example if the essential staff is 
not hired the labour variance will be favourable but this may also mean that the production targets will 
not be met.
BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF BUDGETING 
It is very easy for the budgetary process to cause dysfunctional activity. For example, if junior 
management believe that a budget imposed upon them is not attainable, their aim may well be to ensure 
that the budget is not achieved, thereby proving themselves to be correct. This needs to be avoided, and 
therefore an understanding of the behavioural aspects is necessary.
Managers may be involved in setting budget targets or these may be imposed by senior management 
without consultation. 

Top-down approach / Imposed style of budgeting: 
It is a budget, which is set without allowing the 
ultimate budget holders to have the opportunity to participate in the budgeting process. It is also 
called ‘imposed’ budget, or non-participative.
 
 


F2 Management Accounting
Page 70 of 147 
Features 
▪ Senior management prepare budgets 
▪ Imposed on junior management 
▪ Quicker than bottom up approach 
▪ Time saving 

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