Steven Crane Compiled Section Handouts. Human Behavioral Biology 2012

Loss of status if insults aren't responded to

More guns

Little punishiment for violence in response to insults to honor.

Humans from which ecological systems are more violent? What other things are associated with them?

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  Desert dwelers more violent than rainforest dwellers.
  
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  Desert dwellers also:
  
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    Monotheism
    
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    Top-down despotic leadership
    
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    Leaders believed to be appointed by god
    
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    More warrior classes
    
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    More likely to aggrandize death in battle
    

How do we see different cultures play the ultimatum game?

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  University students across the globe all want to punish lousy, unfair offers.
  
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  But some did anti-social punishment where they punish those who make overly generous offers. Where did this happen?
  
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    Very low in Boston. More often in Greece, Muskat, S. Korea. Low social capital in these countries. Interpretation: I don't want pressure from these angels to be a good person myself, so I'll punish their generosity.
    

Aggression IV
Bedouin proverb: “It’s my brothers and my cousins against the world; it’s my brothers against my cousins.”
How does evolution influence aggression?

What's the biggest sources of violence in animals (including humans)?

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  Competition over reproductive access including status/hierarchy position. Makes loads of sense from an individual selection standpoint.
  
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  Interestingly and scarily, rape in humans seems to be more about power and control than reproduction.
  
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  But in orangutans, rape is an alternative strategy where subordinate males increase their reproductive success.
  
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  Competitive infanticide too
  

How does evolution help us explain chimp proto-warfare? What exception do we face?

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