Smart Border 0 Avoiding a hard border on the island of Ireland for Customs control and the free movement of persons

Australia New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand have a long shared economic and cultural relationship and, whilst there are no land borders, each makes extensive use of technology to support the movement of persons and commercial goods.
⁸⁸.For Canada at http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/bwt-taf/menu-eng.html and the US at https://bwt.cbp.gov/index.html?com=0&pas=1&ped=1&plist=0708,3004,0901,0115,0712,0209,3800,0212,0106, 3604,0104,3023,0109,0704,0211,0701,3401,3802,3803,3009,3310
⁸⁹ Ambassador Bridge and Blue Water Bridge (Ontario, Canada, and Michigan, USA) and Peace Bridge (Ontario, Canada, and New York, USA).
⁹⁰ Ginerich K and Maoh H, University of Windsor Cross Border Institute, Big Data Analysis to Measure Delays of Canadian Domestic and Cross-Border Truck Trips, July 2016.
⁹¹ Canadian Border Services agency, website http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/prog/nexus/menu-eng.html, accessed 16 October 2017.
⁹² Government of Canada, Beyond the border implementation report, 2015.
⁹³ Government of Canada, Beyond the border implementation report, 2015.
⁹⁴ Canada: Quebec, Manitoba, Ontario and British Columbia; USA: Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Vermont, and Washington.

1. 
   Legal Framework
   

The major agreement currently underpinning economic and commercial relationships between Australia and New Zealand is the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, also known as the CER. The CER allows for tariff and quota free trade and mutual recognition or harmonization of standards⁹⁵.

Australia and New Zealand do not form a customs union. Cooperation on customs matters forms part of the CER, which requires ongoing efforts to simplify trade and supporting agreements on harmonizing customs policies and procedures⁹⁶.

Under the Trans Tasman Travel Arrangement (1973), Australians and New Zealanders are permitted to reside indefinitely in each country with visa-free entry⁹⁷.

2. 
   Border trade and cross border traffic
   

All trade in goods is either by aircraft or ship across the Tasman Sea.