NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
from the passage for each answer.
1
What TWO materials made by humans are mentioned in the passage?
2
Which part of a grain of sand have scientists measured?
3
What TWO factors determine the size and shape of a piece of sand?
4
Which event produced the beach on Kamoama Island?
5 Where, according to the passage, can beaches made of very ancient sand be found?
6
Who claims that sand can have a more efficient function than coastal technology?
I
IELTS Reading Tasks (Example 5)
.,... Do animals think?
Short-answer questions
When an animal knows it is being chased and starts to run, is it obeying some ancient instinct, or does it 'know' to be afraid?
Mammals have brains so they can feel pain and fear and can react in disgust. If a wildebeest did not feel
pain, it would continue grazing as lions slowly devoured it. If an antelope did not sense fear, it would not
break into a sprint at the first hint of cheetah. If a canine were not disgusted, it would not vomit; it would
not' be, as the saying goes, sick as a dog.
Pain, fear and disgust are part of a mammal's survival machinery developed over tens of millions of years
of evolution. Homo sapiens have, however, only been around for about 200,000 years so all three
emotional states owe something to mammal origins. If football hooligans can feel those emotions, then
so too do deer, foxes and dogs. The argument is about how 'aware' or 'conscious' non-human mammals
might be during these emotional events. When an animal knows it is being chased and starts to run, is it
obeying some instinct inherited from ancestors that knew when to flee a danger zone or does it actually
'know' to be afraid?
That might be the wrong question. A human startled by a strange shape in a darkened corridor
experiences a pounding heart, lungs gasping for air and a body in recoil. This is the well-known
flight or fight reaction. A human appreciates the full force of fear and has already started to counter the
danger a fraction of a second before the brain has time to absorb and order the information presented by
the menacing figure. This is because mental calculations are too slow to cope with surprise attack. Pain
precedes logic. Touch something hot and you withdraw your hand even before you have time to think
about doing so. Once again, the wisdom is after the event.
Answer the questions below. Write
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