British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48, pp. 793-802
.
de Klerk, Armstrong &
Musk, (1989a), Op Cit.
9
See, for example, Commonwealth of Australia (2009), 'Mesothelioma in Australia: Incidence 1982 -
2006; Deaths 1997 to 2006' (Safe Work Australia). Threlfall, T. J. & Thompson, J. R. (March and
December 2007, 2009, 2010 & 2012), ‘Cancer incidence and mortality in Western Australia, (Perth:
Department of Health, Western Australia).
10
Hansen et al. (1998), Op Cit. McNulty, J. C. (1968), 'Asbestos Mining — Wittenoom, Western
Australia',
First Australian Pneumoconiosis Conference (Sydney), pp. 447-66.
11
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10571: C. Adams, Inspector of Mine, Cue writes to the State
Mining Engineer, 24 October 1945, p. 24.
251
period of maturation extended to 15, 20 or 25 years.
12
Because of the high levels of asbestos
exposure in the Wittenoom worker population, asbestosis was occurring after as little as four
years. In comparison, in the gold mining industry in Western Australia, new cases of silicosis,
a common miner’s disease, took as long as 15 to 20 years to develop.
13
The transient nature
of the Wittenoom population meant many left before the emergence of any symptoms. In
contrast, workers who stayed longer departed from Wittenoom displaying signs of ill-health or
diminished lung capacity. The first diagnosed case of asbestosis was in 1958, in an Italian
scraper driver.
14
The number of asbestosis and mesothelioma cases among Wittenoom workers
gradually increased: 103 asbestosis cases were reported between 1958 and 1968, with the
first case of a miner’s death from mesothelioma in 1960 described in 1962.
15
By the 1970s
disease had begun to appear in those who had left the mining town in good health. In 1980
researchers reported 220 cases of pneumoconiosis (occupational lung disease caused by
inhalation of dust) and 26 cases of pleural mesothelioma among the 7,000 ex-Wittenoom
workers. They noted that the incidence of pneumoconiosis rose with the increasing duration
of employment, with the highest rates in the heavy exposure group.
16
By the end of the
1980s there were a further 94 cases of mesothelioma, 141 cases of lung cancer and 356
cases of compensation claims for asbestosis.
17
In 2000 Robert Vojakovic, president of the
Asbestos Diseases Society of Australia, reported that among the ex-Wittenoom workers and
their families 2,138 men and 92 women had died of an asbestos-related disease.
18
The Berry
et al 2004 study announced that by 2000 the cumulative number of mesothelioma cases was
12
Castleman, Op Cit. pp. 14-15.
13
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10722: slide no. 82. Letter from Dr. McNulty, Chest Physician and
Mines Medical Officer, Kalgoorlie, to the Manager of the State Government Insurance Office of W.A.,
17
th
March 1960.
14
McNulty (1968), Op Cit. p. 449.
15
McNulty (1968), Op Cit. p. 449. McNulty (1962), Op Cit. Hills, Op Cit, p. 32 reported the death of
Italian miner, Giuseppe Mosconi, from Vermiglio, which occurred in July 1959 at age 42, 24 hours
after having been admitted to a Perth hospital. Mosconi’s wife showed Hills the death certificate:
“Carcinoma of the stomach. Contributing causes: pseudo membraneous colitis, pulmonary oedema.”
Mrs Mosconi did not believe she had been told the truth. She suspected it had something to do with
Wittenoom. In light of the fact that Giuseppe’s other eight paesani who worked with him in Wittenoom
have all died, her conclusion cannot be discounted.
16
Hobbs et al., Op Cit. p. 617.
17
de Klerk, Armstrong & Musk (1989a), Op Cit.
18
Vojakovic, Op Cit.
252
235 for the men and seven for the women, with 231 reported deaths. The researchers
reported that while mortality rates for mesothelioma in Wittenoom workers continued to be
high, they were at the lower end of predictions. If the occurrence of mesothelioma continued
at the lower end of predictions made after 1986, the researchers predicted there would be a
further 110 deaths in the men due to mesothelioma by 2020.
19
As at 2010, deaths due to
mesothelioma in Western Australia have surpassed that prediction.
In 2009 a Commonwealth government report, Mesothelioma in Australia, revealed
that the number of new cases of mesothelioma reported in Western Australia (the fourth
highest nationally, despite the state’s smaller population) were still increasing.
20
In addition,
the Western Australian Cancer Registry (WACR) reported in 2005 that mesothelioma
numbers for men and women had grown from 565 in 1995 to 1,260 in 2005, although there
was a slight decline between 1998 and 2003.
21
The WACR mesothelioma statistics between
2007 and 2010 (see Table 4 on page 254) recorded a further 459 deaths in total, with male
mortality rates (411) much higher than in females (48), in line with other Australian studies.
22
319 of the reported 411 deaths in the men in that period occurred in the over 65 age group.
This would suggest that mortality rates for mesothelioma reported by WACR and those in the
2009 Commonwealth report were most likely still significantly attributable to asbestos
exposure in the ex-Wittenoom population, given mesothelioma’s long latency period and the
high levels of exposure they experienced. Nevertheless other occupational groups, among
them workers in railway workshops, asbestos-cement manufacturing and on the wharves at
Port Sampson and Fremantle (which handled Wittenoom’s blue asbestos) had also
experienced high rates of mesothelioma.
23
As the surviving members of the Wittenoom
population die due to an ARD or from natural causes, cases of mesothelioma due to
19
Berry et al. (2004), Op Cit.
20
Commonwealth of Australia (2009), Mesothelioma in Australia, pp. 11-12.
21
Western Australian Cancer Registry (2005), Cancer in Western Australia: Incidence and mortality
2003 and Mesothelioma 1960-2003. Compare Anatomical primary site of mesothelioma for 1960-2003
in Table 22, p. 47 with Status of cases on the W.A. Mesothelioma Register 1960-2003 in Table 18, p.
43. These figures take into account the duration of various employment and residential situations, and
intensity of asbestos exposure.
22
See, for example, Reid et al (2007), p. 376. Leigh, J., et al. (2002), 'Malignant Mesothelioma in
Australia, 1945-2000', American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 41 (3), p. 192.
23
Musk, A. W. & de Klerk, N. H. (2004), 'Epidemiology of malignant mesothelioma in Australia',
2nd
Heidelberg Thoracic Symposium, 2002 (Supplement 1 edn., Diagnosis and Treatment of Pleural
Mesothelioma: Current Strategies and Future Concepts, 45 Heidelberg, Germany), S21-S23, p. 3.
253
environmental exposure in the general population, unwittingly disturbing asbestos, will
continue to emerge.
24
Research on environmental exposure in Wittenoom to the end of 1993 reported that,
of the 4,890 respondents from the Wittenoom residential cohort of 18,553, 27 cases of
mesothelioma had been diagnosed with another four cases reported five years later.
25
By
2002 there were 67 new cases of mesothelioma, of which 64 died that same year.
26
In 2008
Reid et al reported on the health outcomes of the 2,968 women and girls who had been in
Wittenoom. Four hundred and sixteen of these had worked in Wittenoom between 1943 and
1992.
27
The researchers reported
47 mesothelioma and 55 lung cancer cases among the 437
cancers in the Wittenoom females during the period 1960-2005. Mesothelioma incidence
rates in the period 2000-2005 had increased to 193 per 100,000, being more than double
that for the period 1995-1999, when rates were reported at 84 per 100,000. The researchers
predict a further 66 to 87 cases to occur among the Wittenoom women to 2030.
28
When they
compared their findings to the W.A. female population, they reported that Wittenoom women
and girls had higher rates of mesothelioma and possibly lung cancer.
29
24
Robert Vojakovic speaking at the Annual Eucumenical Service in Perth, November 2010, which I
attended.
25
Hansen, J., et al. (1993), 'Malignant mesothelioma after environmental exposure to asbestos.',
International Journal of Cancer 54 (4), pp. 578-81. Hansen et al. (1998), Op Cit.
26
Reid et al., (2007), Op Cit.
27
Reid et al. (2008), Op Cit.
28
Ibid.
29
Western Australian Cancer Registry (2005), Table 24, p. 49. In the general Western Australian
female population 129 mesothelioma mortalities were recorded between 1960 and 2003. WACR
reports for 2005, 2006 & 2008, Threlfall & Thompson, Op Cit. noted another 48 deaths in the general
female population. See Table 4 above.
254
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