Childhood: in Italy and Wittenoom
Maria Scali, Alvaro Giannasi, Lidia Nellini (nee Giannasi), Andrew Bonomi, Fulvia Valvasori
(nee Guagnin), Maria Detoni (nee Caffieri) and Nadia De Laurentis (nee Caffieri) all spent
part of their childhood and/or adolescence in Wittenoom. Their combined experiences
provide the reader with a sense of what life was like for children and why the place remains
significant to them. To understand the importance of Wittenoom in their lives a brief account
of childhood in Italy is relevant.
The Italian children’s migration experiences were ultimately a consequence of their
parents’ migration choices. Yet it is in making a comparison between their lives in Italy and
Wittenoom that we may obtain a sense of why Wittenoom was and still is important to many
of the Italian children. The recollections of Alvaro Giannasi and his younger sister, Lidia
Nellini, offer some insight into the dynamics and daily life of families of the post-war period in
Italy. Their experiences would have been similar to those of many of the Italian children who
went to Wittenoom.
Alvaro and Lidia Giannasi were born in the village of Castelnuovo di Garfagnana,
surrounded by greenery and hills. The village is in the province of Lucca, Tuscany. During
their early years, they lived for a significant length of time without their father’s presence. He
had emigrated in search of work. Their maternal grandparents were share croppers, part of
the mezzadria system of farming. Alvaro described his maternal grandparents’ home which
would have been typical of Italian village life in the 1950s and 1960s.
You had to walk [a] distance to go to the fountain on the
other side of the road to get water, because there was no
water in the house. There was electricity, and by that I
mean, lights, and maybe… one… power-point, but no
running water. So it was common to go with a bucket and
fill it up.
6
Alvaro, Lidia and their mother, Valentina lived in their paternal grandfather’s home, which
also housed their father’s extended family.
7
An older aunt cared for them while their mother
worked. Alvaro and Lidia’s father, Bruno Giannasi, had immigrated to France in search of
work. Migration was not new to the Giannasi family: in the early 1900s Bruno’s own father
6
Interview with Alvaro Giannasi, Perth, October 2009.
7
For a discussion of Italian family demographics see Miller (2004), Op Cit.
192
had gone to the United States for work, returning to his home town some years later. The
very young Lidia remembers feeling confused by her father’s absence, when other fathers in
the village were present. Similarly, as a young boy Alvaro had few memories of his father
because of Bruno’s infrequent visits home. Both children, nevertheless, recall particular gifts
which their father had given to the family.
Lidia knew from her mother’s stories that her father brought on his visits home or
otherwise sent his wife “nice chocolate and the occasional nice petticoat, something that she
[mother] didn’t have.”
8
Alvaro remembers vividly his father’s gift of a German shepherd dog
to him. The children’s mother worked in a cheese factory in the town. She had no other
choice because the remittances from her husband were not sufficient to support the family
and the gifts he sent most likely expensive. This may explain Bruno Giannasi’s annoyance
upon hearing that the dog had been sold for a carton of beer.
Alvaro’s account suggests the family were self-sufficient and lived within their means:
I never remember buying meat, other than mince from
the butcher. We had our own rabbits throughout the
year... Christmas or Easter it was chicken. I don’t even
remember much salami — other than what my
grandfather used to make.
9
Alvaro was a sickly child and had more than his fair share of accidents — two of which had
left him hospitalised. A third hospitalisation had also been necessary to perform a hernia
operation in order to meet the Australian government health requirements. Despite his
mother’s and the doctor’s assurances, for the seven year old boy it was a frightening
experience. In 1960 Bruno Giannasi left for Australia directly from France; the travel costs
had prevented his return to Italy to farewell his family. Not long after his arrival, Bruno went to
work in Wittenoom on the picking belt in the mill. By 1962 Bruno had saved enough to
sponsor his family. Once settled in Wittenoom, with his family reunited, Alvaro would thrive.
10
The Giannasi family would stay in Wittenoom until their decision to settle in Perth in 1966;
where the family had already purchased a home.
8
Interview with
Lidia Nellini Perth, October 2009.
9
Interview with Alvaro Giannasi, Perth, December 2008.
10
Interview with Valentina Giannasi, Perth, October 2009.
193
In contrast to their parents’ toil, life in Wittenoom proved liberating for many of the
Italian children. The sense of community in the town may explain why Italian parents
permitted the freer life style their children enjoyed. Andrew Bonomi explained:
The kids…..it was a very close-knit community… you
know… It was going back those days. You didn’t have the
problems you’ve got these days… the kids…..You’d leave
in the morning… come back in the afternoon… and…
nobody had a care. You didn’t have to worry where they
were because it was safe those days. As kids you used to
play in the bush and things like that… run around…
(Cecilia: Sometimes there were snakes) and you’d walk
home.
11
The older children — whether boys or girls — were expected to complete household duties
to help mothers run their boarding houses. They did so because they were aware of their
parents’ sacrifices. Others, too young to perform household duties, engaged freely in their
play.
Swimming was a popular pastime for both the boys and the girls, but it is
remembered for different reasons by Alvaro and Lidia (Nelllini) Giannasi. Lidia recalls having
to rely on Father Fitzgerald, the Catholic priest, to go for a swim (see figure 93).
12
Every Friday… in summer, he would get all the kids who
wanted to go in his “ute” and all the kids would be in the
back of the “ute” and we’d all be singing songs, so I had
fun.
13
Once Alvaro’s father had purchased a Malvern Star bicycle for him, he was able to ride out to
the crossings with his mates. “You wouldn’t go in the water there if you knew what it was like;
we used to do everything in the water, as kids.”
14
When cyclones occurred, the dry Fortescue
River flooded. It provided the town with its own beach and a popular picnic spot for families.
When it was not possible to get to the crossings or the Fortescue River, families created
water slides for the children on their back verandas. Lidia Nellini explained that they would
put the hose on the veranda and put the soap and slide
up and down… That was our… we didn’t have a pool or
11
Interview with Cecilia & Andrew Bonomi, Bullsbrook, October 2009.
12
As we see in figure 93 Father Fitzgerald also drove around the children during other events, not
mentioned by the children. Venera Uculano told me about The Miss Popular Girl organized by the
Catholic church in Wittenoom for fund raising purposes. The winner was the girl who collected the
most money. This photograph is most probably of that event.
13
Interview with Lidia Nellini, Perth, October 2009.
14
Interview with Alvaro Giannasi, Perth, October 2009.
194
anything and it was so hot that that’s what we used to
do.
15
The children’s stories made mention of family pets and native animals — all welcome
additions to the Italian families’ homes. Cats, in particular, were a common family pet, as
seen in one of Maria Scali’s family photographs (see figure 94). Maria Scali also had fond
memories of the family’s pink galah, an Australian parrot. Being a handyman, Maria’s father
had built a bird house to encourage the local birds. The galah had learned a few words in the
family’s bergamasco dialect and was often heard mimicking Maria’s mother as she called to
her daughter, “Passa che, Maria”! [Come here, Maria!] The town’s residents adopted a wild
donkey which proved popular among the Wittenoom children. Andrew Bonomi recalled it
having a pretty tough life, with the children all lined up wanting to ride it. The Giannasis had a
pet kangaroo, Joey, until it hopped away. Animals were also kept for food. The Caffieri family
kept two emus, along with their chickens. As common as the kangaroos and emus were the
racehorse goannas, commonly named Iguanas by the Italians. Nazzarena Mirandola’s family
photographed the presence of one goanna near their home, in order to show family members
back in Italy. Unlike some residents’ fear of them, Nazzarena Mirandola’s family was
unperturbed by the goanna’s visits (see figure 95).
16
A number of the children touched on the importance of learning English. For the
younger ones, parents explained, attendance at kindergarten facilitated their language
learning. For the older ones typical early attempts at speaking English included pointing at
objects and calling something by what they thought might be its name. Reading was another
way to extend their language. At school, the children read the books of popular children’s
authors such as Enid Blyton; at home, they read the comic books boarders left lying around.
Listening to the radio and singing along with the popular songs of the time also helped. The
children recalled that the adults relied on them to learn English so that they might act as their
interpreters. This often proved embarrassing for the children; more so due to their parents’
inability to speak English rather than the nature of the topic.
15
Interview with Lidia Nellini, Perth, October 2009.
16
Interview with Nazzarena Mirandola, Italy, November 2008.
195
Italian parents considered education important for their children. In the early 1950s,
with the Catholic school not yet constructed, Italian school age children attended the state
school, which had been built as part of the town’s infrastructure. The younger ones went to
the town’s kindergarten which had also been established. Lina Tagliaferri learned about the
kindergarten from the Wittenoom postman. She recalled that in the early 1950s the
kindergarten teachers were the wives of the Canadians working at Wittenoom.
17
Lina
Tagliaferri and Nazzarena Mirandola mentioned the importance of sending their children
there.
18
Their daughters were always well behaved, and both women spoke highly of their
children’s teachers. Not all children who went to the kindergarten were co-operative. A story
of one of Maria Scali’s classmates being sent home by the teacher was, and still is, a source
of amusement in her family:
One child played up and she told the child: “GO HOME!!
And no more come here anymore!”…Don’t come here
anymore! And he [uncle Mario] kept saying, because he
wanted to learn [English]: “What did she say?” But he
couldn’t learn but he tried and asked: “What did she
say?” [young Maria] She say: “You go home and no
come back anymore!” He made me repeat that a
thousand times a day.
19
Maria’s mother continued the story, laughing heartily as she now told me: She [Maria] say:
“the teacher say once… to me, zio [uncle] and I remember [what she said”! Lina’s tone
imitated the annoyance there must have been in little Maria’s voice as her uncle had made
her repeat the incident over and over again, in his attempt to learn English.
After the opening of the Wittenoom Catholic Church, Corpus Christi, in November
1955, the Presentation Order sent two sisters from Geraldton to run the Catholic school the
following January. For seven years the sisters lived in rented premises, until their convent
was built in 1963.
20
The church had a multi-purpose use. During the week, it was partitioned
for use as two classrooms: one room for children in the preparatory year to grade three,
17
Interview with Lina Tagliaferri, Perth, November 2008.
18
Interview with Nazzarena Mirandola, Italy, November 2008.
19
Interview with Maria Scali, Perth, November 2008.
20
Email from Sr Frances Stibi, Archivist, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth, March 24 2011.
196
while the other accommodated grades four to seven. Maria Scali recalled that on Fridays, it
was the pupils’ task to remove the partitions for the weekend services (see figure 96).
21
She also remembered which school had tailings spread on its grounds:
Of course, most of the children went to the state school in
a different location... and that’s possibly why a lot of
young people... there’s been a lot of children from
Wittenoom that have died of asbestosis or mesothelioma
I should say because asbestos... because the
government school was lined with asbestos. They had
lined the playgrounds and... the Catholic school where I
went... had plain dirt... so it was very lucky.
22
From the time of its opening, the Italian children attended the Catholic rather than the
State school. To the Italian families frequenting the Catholic school was important; it meant
the Presentation sisters could train the children for their First Communion, an important rite
of passage in an Italian child’s life. Maria Detoni attended both the State and Catholic
schools:
I went one year with the nuns. I didn’t like that very much
because they were vindictive. I went there for one year
and made my communion. Then I didn’t go there
anymore. I did go to the State school originally because
the convent opened later.
23
Alvaro Giannasi’s description of one of the sisters may explain Maria Detoni’s dislike of life at
the Catholic school.
She was irate and grumpy for… reasons that we did not
understand and she would take it out on the kids and you
didn’t have to do much to get the cane… This boy called
Bruno, who was Italian. Yes, he was naughty… She
caned him many times. I got the cane myself. She got
him to stand up… in front of the class… She whacked
him as hard as you could on the back of the legs... They
had big lumps on them... Six of the best across the legs.
He didn’t cry… That wasn’t even me and I hated her for
that… I liked one of the other nuns but I just didn’t like
her.
24
Lidia Nellini, Alvaro’s younger sister, instead remembers the nurturing she received:
I remember that I needed to go to the toilet and I was too
scared to ask… I must have been crying and this nun, I
can’t remember her name… she picked me up in her
arms and carried me outside… I have really nice
memories of… school there and… the nuns and the
21
Interview with Maria Scali, Perth, November, 2008. The church has stood the test of time and is one
of the few remaining buildings in the town to this day.
22
Interview with Maria Scali, Perth, November 2008.
23
Interview with Maria Detoni and Nadia De Laurentis, Perth, December 2010
24
Interview with Alvaro Giannasi, Perth, December 2008.
197
priest. I remember singing songs and so I have quite fond
memories of the school.
25
Maria Scali’s memories of Catholic school life are also happier. She made her First
Communion in the Catholic Church with seven of her friends (see figure 97). With her
parents’ encouragement, she also took the music lessons offered by the Presentation sisters.
Many of the children enjoyed participating in sporting events (see figure 98).
Wittenoom bus driver, Tony Martino, recalled driving the children to the Inter-School Sports
in the 1960s. Alvaro Giannasi still remembers the bus:
You’ve got no idea. We could actually see the road
through the bottom of the bus. You could put your foot
down and touch the ground. It was just red dust
everywhere, red — inside the bus. You couldn’t keep the
dust out; it was an old bus even then.
26
The sports were held over a few days at Port Hedland, where local families hosted the
Wittenoom children. Alvaro Giannasi loved participating in the cricket and baseball events,
but did not enjoy the home stay experience because of his dislike for traditional Australian
food. He explained, “the smell of mutton was off-putting”.
27
With the mine’s closure in 1966,
the Catholic school closed.
28
The state school remained open until December 1985.
29
Maria Detoni, Alvaro Giannasi and Andrew Bonomi also spoke about the drinking and
the Fortescue Hotel. The drinking was problematic for some families, while for others it was a
means of getting together. Maria Detoni recalled married men, who when sober were nice
human beings, could become nasty when drunk. Alvaro Giannasi remembered one family in
the town who lived from pay to pay. The parents spent most of their money at the town’s pub
where they drank until closing time, while their children sat in the car. Andrew Bonomi’s
memories of the Fortescue Hotel were happier ones: it was a place enjoyed by many on a
hot summer’s night, and where he was permitted to sit in the beer garden to enjoy a soft
drink with his parents.
25
Interview with Lidia Nellini, Perth, October 2009.
26
Interview with Alvaro Giannasi, Perth, December 2008.
27
Interview with Alvaro Giannasi, Perth, December 2008.
28
Email from Sr Frances Stibi, Archivist, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth, March 24 2011.
29
Parliament of Western Australia, Seventh Report of the Standing Committee on Constitutional
Affairs and Statutes Revision in relation to A Petition Concerning the Town of Wittenoom, p.7.
Retrieved 9 April 2012 from
www.parliament.wa.gov./Parliament/Commit.usf/(Report+Lookup+by+Com+ID)/2B8B3F2F82C7B9783
1003E94C6/$file/ca007.pdf
198
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