Sistemazione and death: the role of the Wittenoom asbestos mine in the lives and



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Conclusion
 
The attraction of high earnings enticed 7,000 workers to the Wittenoom asbestos mine during 
its 23 years of operation. More than half the workers, unable to tolerate the living and 
90
See Chapter 8. 
91
National Archives of Australia, Perth: Department of Labour and National Service, Western 
Australia, File no. 65/1153 – Industrial Conditions Australian Blue Asbestos Pty Ltd. Wittenoom. The 
ABA Ltd housing list on March 6, 1966 reveals 18 families listed of Italian origin. This does not include 
the single men who lived in the single men’s quarters or were boarding, with families. Antonio Casella, 
Arturo Della Maddalena and Vincenzo Ubaldi were among them. Umberto Favero and Venera 
Uculano do not figure in the lists, most likely they were living in the settlement, where ABA Ltd 
employees lived. Uculano was secretary to the mine manager. 


146 
working conditions, left before they could reach their financial goal. It was only through 
considerable effort and sacrifices and several years of backbreaking work that those high 
earnings could be achieved.
Most of the first group of experienced Italian miners who arrived in 1951 spent little 
time there in the face of working and living conditions more primitive than anything they had 
previously encountered. A comparison of the employment contract and the accounts of 
several of the early Italian arrivals suggest that the company misinformed these workers 
about the conditions. Others despite being made aware of the difficult conditions continued to 
arrive. Only the most determined tolerated the conditions.
Italians with accompanying families had no option but to stay longer. The high cost of 
living in Wittenoom coupled with the need to repay debts incurred to move there meant it 
took longer to save for their goal of sistemazione. Those families made the sacrifices 
necessary to buy a house, farm or business in Perth or upon their return to Italy. Those 
without families knew that the high wages on offer would allow them after two or three years 
of hard work to achieve similar goals. Many of the men (single and married) nonetheless 
turned to drinking and gambling to counter the isolation, the working conditions and the heat; 
they may have been the reason some took their own life. The gambling losses many incurred 
and heavy drinking served only to prolong their stay. To withstand the conditions, many of 
the young single Italian men and families found ways to entertain themselves; many activities 
were reminiscent of their lives in Italy. 
All but a handful of the 1,102 Italian workers and their families moved on because the 
sistemazione they desired could not be achieved in Wittenoom. Once Italians had had 
enough of the conditions, had saved enough, were diagnosed with the early symptoms of 
asbestos-related disease or had been involved in a mining accident they settled elsewhere in 
Western Australia or repatriated to Italy. The company never mentioned asbestos-related 
diseases. Because of the transient nature of the Wittenoom population most ex-workers 
would only become aware of them as reports of disease emerged years later.


147 

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