Identities:
Global Studies in Culture and Power, 14 (4), pp. 385-409.
261
built two years earlier. Exhaust and ventilation improvements would make no difference to
the dust levels because maintenance of that equipment was not carried out regularly.
49
Bruno was no doubt familiar with the holes in the exhaust panels, patched with hessian bags.
The holes and hessian bags were still there when ABC’s Four Corners visited Wittenoom
with Rolando Sabbadini, another ex-Italian miner, in 1988.
50
The Giannasi family returned to Perth at Easter in 1966. Bruno Giannasi, like Lina
Tagliaferri’s husband, Beppe, had developed asbestosis. Bruno’s son, Alvaro, recalled his
father’s papers stated that he had a reduced lung capacity of 40 per cent, from working in the
mill. Gradually the annual chest examinations at the Perth Chest Clinic would show a 70 - 80
per cent incapacitation. Like many other Wittenoom Italians, the Giannasis already owned
their house in Perth. During an earlier visit to Perth, Bruno Giannasi had paid a deposit on
the house, purchased for £ 2,000 [$4,000]. His wife, Valentina, had been a careful money
manager. She used the rent from their Wittenoom boarders to feed the family. Her husband’s
mill earnings — roughly $80 a fortnight — had paid off the bank loan by the time of their
arrival in Perth, four years after her arrival in Wittenoom in 1962.
Because of his poor state of health, Valentina took Bruno to the doctor’s. The Italian
doctor’s remark, “He worked in the mine. What do you expect?”, led Valentina Giannasi to
seek another opinion. She found an Italian-speaking Australian doctor, Dr Robinson. “He
took care”, she recalled. Bruno had pneumonia and had to be admitted to Sir Charles
Gairdner Hospital. Dr. Robinson prescribed antibiotics.
His fingers were rotting… They gave him one injection.
After this the professor said to me that he has been lucky
because the injection we have given him has worked.
Because of his asbestosis symptoms, Bruno sometimes had no choice but to stay home from
work. As his condition worsened, it became necessary to change employment. His son,
Alvaro, recalled that Bruno always worked for Italians, as his father never learned to speak
English very well. He found a labourer’s job carrying cement bags, digging holes and pushing
49
Motley Rice documents, Plaintiff’s Exhibit no.10722. See the letters between Dr Jim McNulty (who
had approached Rennie to approach CSR about the dusty conditions) and Dr Rennie.
50
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no.10252: Transcript of the Four Corners programme, ‘
Blue Murder’.
ABC journalist Paul Barry was accompanied by ex-Italian miner, Rolando Sabbadini, by then — as
Barry explained — a successful Perth businessman. According to the Metropolitan Cemeteries Board
listing, Rolando Sabbadini passed away in 1997, at 62 years of age.
262
wheelbarrows. The heavy nature of the work caused his breathing problems to worsen. From
there he went to Preston Timber in Osborne Park, run by his fellow townsman, Colli. A work
accident, in which he cut off a number of fingers, prevented him from working for a
considerable length of time. He left there when the dusty conditions finally proved too much.
A friend found him a job cleaning railway wagons with the Western Australian Railways.
Because of his worsening symptoms aggravated by the dusty conditions, Bruno had to give
up work altogether. A social worker and Dr. Robinson helped the family to apply for
compensation. Valentina remembers Bruno’s boss coming to their home.
He couldn’t breathe. So much so that the supervisor
came home and said, “It’s better that you tell your
husband to stop working because (holding back tears)
because he couldn’t breathe”. Ah well, (regains
composure) and from there (sighs) he would get the
compensation. Instead of offering us money, he preferred
to get wages a fortnight… They would give him
something that way and I worked. I have always worked.
Many of the men for whom Valentina had cooked and washed in Wittenoom sought
her out when they came to Perth to live. “I said, ‘No, not any more. I’ll go to work but I don’t
want people in my home’.”
51
Her son, Alvaro, recalled that his mother had a hard life, working
in and outside the home. Valentina worked two jobs. Her day job was in a chicken factory,
where she had to put up with rough language. From there she went to her night job in a
restaurant. Realizing Valentina’s ability to cook, the restaurant owner sacked the chef, and
installed her in his place. He paid Valentina less for the privilege. The owner was, however,
never satisfied with her efforts. Her long hours of work meant Alvaro had to help out at home:
She used to work… from six in the morning… My Dad
would go to work and drop her off and then he would go
to work… She didn’t get home until five, six. I know
because after school, it was my job to water the garden,
the plants, the flowers at the front and the vegies at the
back… We had a pump but it didn’t work… really slow,
and the sprinkler was all rusted out so… I’d have to do
them by hand.
Alvaro also helped out in other ways, including the completion of his parents and their
friends’ annual tax returns. Finally Valentina left the restaurant. Valentina’s and Bruno’s
combined efforts meant that by 1971 they had saved enough money to visit Italy. Bruno’s
asbestosis symptoms were still tolerable at that time. Alvaro recalled his father
51
Interview with Valentina Giannasi, Perth, October 2009.
263
used to cough, cough and had probably had some
discomfort. It was still early days and… he was still
reasonably fit. At that time 1971, it wouldn’t have been...
So yes, he went back then.
52
Upon their return from Italy, Valentina left the chicken factory. A Calabrian friend
recommended her for a position in the supermarket, Tom the Cheap Grocer, where her
friend was already employed. As a young child, Valentina’s father had understood the value
of education and sent her to school. This meant she could read and write and work with
figures, she explained. Despite having little English, she went from cooking the chickens to
selling them. From there she went to work for Boans (now Myer). Here Valentina’s ability to
engage with customers was also recognized. She recalls a conversation she had with her
boss, Mr. Palmer.
I said to the manager: Mr. Palmer, I don’t have the
language. He said: You are better than the Australians.
You don’t have to talk. You have to work (she is laughing
as she recounts the story). You know how to work!” (still
laughing) Because, you know, even on the counter… as
long as you understand.
Valentina worked until her husband required constant care because of his deteriorating
health. He died in 1988. It was around this time that a class action settled damages claims
for some 300 Wittenoom victims. Valentina remembers her husband’s passing and how they
calculated their damages payment.
He was going to die. He was no longer able to dress, to
wash. Alvaro [their son] said to me, “Mum, stop. Dad
needs your help now” and so in 1984 I stopped working.
However when Bruno died in 1988 they paid out, but he
was dead. They didn’t pay him because I left work to look
after this man, but I had already gone part-time. I worked
four hours to look after him. They calculated four years…
what I was owed. I think they gave me about 40 thousand
dollars… lost wages. (Angela: Which isn’t very much.)
No, but better than nothing. I had left work… given that if
Bruno… because when you get to 65 the Insurance
would give us… Alvaro said, “It’s better if dad takes a bit
at a time”. (She laughs). Instead it would have been
better, if he had taken it all because he died. He lost it.
He lost it.
53
After Bruno’s death, Valentina sold her home and moved into the unit where she has
established a thriving garden. She continues to provide support for her family and her
52
Interview with Alvaro Giannasi, Perth, December 2008.
53
Interview with Valentina Giannasi, Perth, October 2009.
264
grandchildren, who call in regularly to enjoy her company and Tuscan cooking, much to her
delight.
While those with asbestosis were dealing with their gradually deteriorating health, ex-
Wittenoom workers and residents were starting to develop symptoms of a more insidious
disease about which they had never heard before — mesothelioma.
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