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LESSON 13.
Grammar: Modal verbs equivalents.
Reading: Wales.
Speaking: Uzbekistan.
Grammar.
Modal fe’llar
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Modal fe’llar ekvivalentlari
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Can (could)
I can speak Russian.
Men ruscha gapira olaman.
She could translate the text herself.
U tekstni o’zi tarjima qilaoldi.
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To be able to
He is able to read in English.
U inglizcha o’qiy oladi.
You were able to get there yourself.
Siz u erga o’zingiz bora olar edingiz. We shall be able to do it.
Biz buni bajara olamiz.
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May (might) May I come in?
Kirsam maylimi?
She might leave the classroom.
U sinfdan chiqib ketishi mumkin edi.
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To be allowed to
I shall be allowed to take his book.
Men uning kitobini olishin mumkin.
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Must
You must speak English at the lesson. Siz darsda inglizcha gaplashishingiz kerak.
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To be to, to have to
She has to translate this text.
U bu tekstni tarjima qilishi kerak.
We were to meet at 6 o’clock.
Biz soat 6 da uchrashishimiz kerak.
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Modal fe’l can va uning ekvivalenti to be able to
zamon
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Bo’lishli shakli
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Bolishsiz shakli
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Soroq shakli
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Present
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I can write
I am able to write
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I cannot (can’t) write
I am not able to write
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Can I write?
Am I able to write?
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Past
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I could write
I was able to write
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I could not (couldn’t) write
I was not be able to write
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Could I write?
Was I able to write?
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Future
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I shall be able to write
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I shall not be able to write
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Shall I be able to write?
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Modal fe’l may va uning ekvivalenti to be allowed to
zamon
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Bo’lishli shakli
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Bo’lishsiz shakli
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So’roq shakli
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Present
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You may do this You are allowed to read
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You may not do this You are not allowed to read
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May you do this?
Are you allowed to read?
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Past
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You might read
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You were allowed to read
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You were not allowed to read
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Will you be allowed to read?
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Future
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You’ll be allowed to do
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You will be not
allowed to do
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Will you be allowed to do?
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Modal fe’l must va uning ekvivalenti to have to
zamon
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Bo’lishli shakli
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Bo’lishsiz shakli
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So’roq shakli
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Present
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You must do You have to do
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You must not (mustn’t) do
You have not to do
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Must you go?
Have you to go?
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Past
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You had to do
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You had not to do
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Had you to do?
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Future
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You will have to do
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You will have not to do
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Will you have to do?
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Reading.
Wales.
Area – 8,018 sq.mile – 20,766 sq.km
Population – 3,250,000 people (2007)
Capital – Cardiff
Official language – Wales and English
Wales lies in the west of the England lowlands and is a hill country. The chief rivers of it are in the North: the Clyde, the Conway, the Duyryd, the Mawddach, the Terific, the Cledden, the Tai, the Towy, the Wusg.
The remoter parts of Wales shelter some animals and birds (uzoqroq, boshpana beradi). Sea and land birds can be found there in great numbers.
The whole area of Wales may be subdivided into regions (bo’linadi). The Welsh, Massiff, Industrial South Wales and the Welsh Borderland.
The Welsh Massiffs mainly plateau country with much moorland (torf yer). It is well known for its coal and rainy climate. Settlements and farmlands are largely concentrated in the valleys and along the coast (yashovchilar). There are rough pastures for sheep (tekis o’tloqlar). Sheep grazing employs few men and the plateaus of Wales are very sparsely populated (qo’y boqish, ish bilan ta’minlaydi, kam siyraklanganlar, ozchilik va Uels platolarida aholi siyrak).
The highest mountain of both England and Wales is Snowdon. It is 3,61 feet high. Carnedd Dafydd is 3427 feet high. They are well known mountains of Wales. The Welsh language and Welsh way of life are more predominant today in the North-West of Wales (hukmronlik qiladi).
The valleys are quite different from the uplands. The climate is milder (yumshoqroq). At the high levels sheep farming is still og great importance, but in the lower valleys there is marked change from sheep to (o’zgarish bor, seziladi). There farmland is much richer and settlements are much larger. The climate is much better. There are many lakes in it. In Snowdonia there are numerous foxes and herds of wild goats, mountain ponies, otters, badgers (yovvoyi echkilar podasi, tog’ ponilar, otlar, suvsarlar, bo’rsiqlar). Rainfall is heavy in Wales. The most important towns of it are Colwyn, Bay, Landuduo, Pembroke, Carmmarthen, Aberystwyth and Conway. Aberystwyth is a resort. Carmouth and Pembroke are important centre for the farm land products of the South West.
The industrial South Wales is gairly densely populated (zich).
This part of Wales is especially well known for the manufacture of ferrous metals and coal mining (qora metallar). The coal mining is very prominent in
South Wales. Coal mining started in the 13th centure (boshlandi). This high quality (yuqori sifatli) and easy transportation made this region one of the biggest coal mining centre in the world.
At the end of the 19th centure the leading industry in South Wales was the iron industry. Next to the coal gielf iron ore is mined (yonida temir rudasi qazib olinadi). At one period Wales enjoyed a world monopoly in manufacture of tin-plate
(foydalanildi, oq tunuka). Now tin-plate works have been closed (to’xtatilgan, berkitilgan).
The biggest towns of industrial South Wales are Cardiff, Swansea and Newport. About a third of all the people of the region live in these three towns.
Cardiff is the capital of Wales. It is situated near the mouth of the river Taff. The site was first occupied by a Roman fort (joy, Rim forti). Cardiff is very famous for its coal. Engineering in it includes ship-repairing and the making of railway wagons, oil engines, vehicles and electric gear (temir yo’ vagonlari qurish, motorlar, vagonlar, mexanizmlar). It is also known for a great range of light industry (katta tipdagi engil sanoat).
Swansea is a large city and there is a good port there. It is built at the mouth of the river Tawe. The town’s origin dates from th 12th century (shaharning vujudga kelishi, to’g’ri keladi). Now it is an important seat of copper in tin plate and «zink industry». (mis, rux metallari). Besides there are important steelworks and light industries (po’lat eritish zavodlari).
New port is also located on a river – the Uzk (joylashgan). Its industries are not as varied as those of Cardiff (turlicha). It has only ship repairing facilities and amodest shipbuilding industry. They all import crude petroleum pig-iron, steel bars, ores and timber (qayta ishlanadigan neft, quyma cho’yan, po’lat, to’siqlar, rudalar, yog’och materiallari). Their main exports are refuned oil, steel manufactures, tinplate, coal coak (tozalanganneft, koks ko’miri).
The town – Milford Haven outputs about 59 millions tons of petroleum a year (benzin ishlab chiqaradi). It is also one of the principal fishing parts of Wales.
The Welsh borderland is hilly but most of it is much lower than the Welsh Massiff (chegarsi). It is well farmed and there are comparatively few towns (taqqoslanganda). The climate of it is better than that in the heart of Wales.
It has good soil, therefore it is a notable farming area (yer, tuproq, dehqonchilikka qulay joy).
Trees are numerous. They are preminent feature of the scenery (chiroyli ko’rinish). Its pastures are chiefly used for cattle-grazing (o’tloqlari, mol boqish). The most extensive crops are wheat, barley, oat and mixed corn. (ko’p ekiladigan ekin, aralash don). The northern part of the country has large numbers of paultry (uy parrandalari). They produce eggs for the great urban markets (shahar bozorlariga). Orchard fruit is typical here. The chief product is apples.
One of its towns Shrewbury is an ancient town. Today it is abig urban centre with flourishing manufactures (rivojlanayotgan). They output vehicles and machine tools (mashina asboblari).
The older town – Hereford is an important market centre. It is most prominent industries depend on local agriculture and including brewing, the canning of fruit and vegetables and flour milling (bog’liq mahalliy pivo ishlab chiqarish, olmani qayta ishlash, mevalarni konservalash)
Where is Wales situated?
Can you tell about the weather of Wales?
What natural resources do you know of Wales?
Speak about its region’s mountains.
Tell about important centres and industries of Wales.
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