/disconfirmation, leads to an emotional reaction called
satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
Customer loyalty is defined as “the feeling of attachment to or affec-
tion for a company’s people, products or services” (T. O. Jones & Sasser,
1995, p. 94). Marketing researchers have long favored behavioral scales to
assess customer loyalty in the belief that the share of purchase ultimately
represents the level of loyalty. Although customer loyalty and repeat pur-
chase behaviors are closely associated, there is criticism of the exclusive
use of behavioral scales as a loyalty measure (Jacoby, Chestnut, & Fisher
1978). For example, behavioral loyalty can be influenced by a variety of cir-
cumstantial constraints such as accessibility of services or products (Dick &
Basu, 1994). In this situation, behavioral scales are likely to fail to distinguish
spurious loyalty from true loyalty. As an alternative, attitudinal scales high-
lighting trust or emotional attachment have been proposed (Baloglu, 2002).
Ponnavolu (2000) argued that both behavioral and attitudinal measures are
necessary to appreciate the full picture of customer loyalty because they
are two integral dimensions of loyalty. This study utilized the concept of
customer loyalty that bears both behavioral and attitudinal aspects.
Relationships Among Service Orientation, Perceived Service Quality,
and Customer Satisfaction
The relationship between service orientation and perceived service quality
was first suggested by Schneider et al. (1980). In a study of 23 banks, they
discovered that the climate for service in a bank was correlated to customers’
Service Orientation, Service Quality, Satisfaction and Loyalty
623
attitudes about service quality. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation
between employees’ perceptions of service orientation and customers’ per-
ceptions of overall service quality. Additional studies found a substantial
correlation between employees’ service attitudes and customers’ perceptions
of service quality (Schneider & Bowen, 1985). C. Jones and DeCotiis (1986)
stated “service quality in a hotel or restaurant depends absolutely on the
ability of an operation’s employees to deal graciously with guests in all sit-
uations” (p. 68). Similarly, other hospitality scholars asserted that hospitality
business organizations should have employees who make customers feel
special, have a positive attitude, and work well under pressure, thereby pro-
viding excellent customer service (Kim, McCahon, & Miller, 2003; Marsh,
1994). Therefore, the first hypothesis of the proposed model is as follows:
H1: A high degree of service orientation for the contact employee has
a positive and significant effect on the customer’s perception of
service quality.
Research has shown the possibility of a direct link between customer
satisfaction and the contact employee’s service orientation. Westbrook (1981)
identified the eight factors that could influence customer satisfaction in a
retail setting (store salespeople, store environment, merchandising policies,
store service orientation, product, clientele, value
/price relationship, and
special sales). Factor scores of these eight components then were used as
predictor variables for multiple regression analysis. The results indicated
that satisfaction with store salespeople (encompassing the four variables
of helpfulness, friendliness, politeness, and number of salespeople) had the
most influence on customer satisfaction. Other scholars have reported similar
findings that customer satisfaction depends directly on particular behaviors
of contact employees (Bitner, 1990; Donavan & Hocutt, 2001; Surprenant &
Soloman, 1987). These conclusions suggest the following hypothesis:
H2: A high degree of service orientation by the contact employee has a
positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction.
Relationships Among Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and
Customer Loyalty
Literature has suggested contradictory views of whether customer satisfac-
tion or service quality directly affects customer loyalty (Bitner, 1990; Cronin
& Taylor, 1992). This conceptual conflict has resulted from a definition of
service quality; “a form of attitude, which is related but not equivalent to
customer satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with
perceptions of performance” (Parasurman et al., 1988, p. 15). Bitner (1990)
624
H. J. Kim
supported this definition and proposed that satisfaction derived from indi-
vidual transactions (Oliver, 1981), leads to a more general construct, service
quality (or attitude), which in turn leads to customer loyalty. Cronin and
Taylor (1992) hypothesized that service quality mediates customer satis-
faction and future purchase intentions; that is, customer satisfaction is an
antecedent of service quality. However, the empirical result in this non-
recursive LISREL model suggested that service quality is an antecedent of
customer satisfaction. Accordingly, the relationship between service quality
and customer satisfaction is hypothesized as follows:
H3: Favorably perceived service quality has a positive and significant
effect on customer satisfaction.
Although Cronin and Taylor (1992) demonstrated that customer satis-
faction has a more significant effect on customer loyalty than service quality,
it seems feasible that both factors could influence customer loyalty signifi-
cantly. In fact, when Heung, Mok, and Kwan (1996) examined the degree
of hotel brand loyalty in the free independent travelers market for the Hong
Kong hotel industry, their results revealed that the quality of hotel services
is critical for hotel brand loyalty. Placing equal weights on the findings by
Cronin and Taylor (1992) and Heung, Mok, and Kwan (1996), the following
two hypotheses are proposed:
H4: Favorably perceived service quality exerts a positive and significant
effect on customer loyalty.
H5: Customer satisfaction exerts a positive and significant effect on
customer loyalty.
After the earlier proposed paths (H1 through H5) were put together,
two mediating relationships became apparent: service quality as a
mediator between service orientation and customer satisfaction (Service
Orientation
→ Perceived Service Quality → Customer Satisfaction); and cus-
tomer satisfaction as a mediator between service quality and customer loyalty
(Perceived Service Quality
→ Customer Satisfaction → Customer Loyalty).
Therefore, the following additional hypotheses are put forward:
H6: Perceived service quality mediates the effect of contact employees’
service orientation on customer satisfaction.
H7: Customer satisfaction mediates the effect of service quality on
customer loyalty.
Figure 1 depicts a full model with hypothesized relationships.
Service Orientation, Service Quality, Satisfaction and Loyalty
625
Employee Differences:
Customer Outcomes:
Service
Orientation
Customer
Loyalty
Service Quality
Customer
Satisfaction
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