Target research
. Comparative study of biological, morphological and pathogenic properties of
pathogens of piroplasmosis isolated from different regions of the Zarafshon valley and seasonal
dynamics.
II. MATERIALSANDMETHODS
Experiments on the study of the epizootology of pyroplasmidosis in cattle in various climatic
and geographical conditions of the Zarafshan Valley were carried out on private animals
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47
containing the village "Zarafshan" of the Taylak district of the Samarkand region on private
animals on the upper reaches of the Zarafshan river"Kavsar" of the Akdarya region of the
Samarkand region located in the middle strips of the Zarafshan valley and the lower reaches of
the Zarafshan valley, on animals the village "Buston" of the Kiziltepa region of the Navoi region.
At the height of the incidence of blood-parasitic diseases, a trip to the objects of research was
organized and, together with local veterinary staff, the epizootic state of the economy was taken
under control. At the same time, the morbidity during the summer season was taken into
account, the condition of the animals, the measurement of body temperature, the condition of
the mucous membranes, the state of hemoglobinuria and parasitic reaction of the taken smears
from peripheral blood were examined. When clinical signs and parasitic reactions were evident,
blood was taken for further research and the creation of a cryobank of strains.
III. LITERATUREREVIEW
Ixodid ticks are ubiquitous; they parasitize terrestrial vertebrates (mammals and birds) [41, 58,71].
Many species of ixodids, being carriers and reservoirs of pathogens of pyroplasmidosis, cause
enormous economic damage to livestock, and certain species of ixodid ticks pose a threat to
humans as specific carriers of encephalitis, tularemia, plague, paroxysmal rickettsiosis, etc. [43,
46, 71].
In addition, many scientists have proven the ability of ixodid ticks to transmit pathogenic
protozoa, bacteria, viruses and rickettsia to their feeders [32, 33,46]
More than a billion head of cattle and the same number of sheep and goats in the world suffer
from infection with ixodid ticks, losing weight gain and milk production [51].
On the territory of Russia, ixodid ticks are involved in the spread of 20 infectious animal
diseases, and some species store up to a dozen pathogens of various infections [43, 47, 52, 56].
Ixodid ticks are carriers and reservoirs of many natural focal diseases of animals "tick-borne
infections" [46, 51, 56]. and the person allocated to the group
On the territory of Russia, ixodid ticks are involved in the spread of 20 animal diseases, and
some species store up to a dozen pathogens of various infections. Mortality in animals can reach
60-90% [43, 49, 50, 51, 69].
The spectrum of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms carried by ticks are much wider,
and its study requires not only the use of classical molecular genetic methods of analysis, but also
methods of genomic and metagenomic analysis [60, 73].
Agricultural arachnoses animals havebroaddistribution in various natural and climatic zones of
Russia and other countries [6, 45, 52]
Today, six genera have been registered on the territory of Russiaticks: Boophilus, Rhipicephalus,
Ixodes, Dermacentor, Haemophysalis,Hyalomma and about 60 species [6, 51, 52)
The fauna of Russia within today's borders represents 55 species of ixodid ticks [6, 51]. It should
be noted that ixodic ticks have been recorded on 17 species of domestic animals, of which 30 to
40 species and subspecies feed on cattle [51, 69].
Ixodesuriae is found on the islands and coasts of the Arctic and Antarctic[60].
The average annual number of ixodic ticks in various natural climatic zones is determined by
weather conditions and is determined by potential significant fluctuations, and its dynamics is the
fertility of the species and the amount of blood consumed by females (52, 65, 66].
The greatest diversity of species is distinguished by the fauna of ixodids in tropical and
subtropical territories [7, 34, 61).
Ixodid ticks are very resistant to unfavorable environmental factors [18, 19]. They are able to
overwinter [32] and endure flooding of their habitats for 12 days. In a hungry state, females of
ixodid ticks can live up to 7 years. The female tick is capable of laying up to 5 thousand eggs [55].
It was found that the peak of parasitism of the Hyalommamarginatum tick falls on the summer
months (June-July), when the abundance index is 237 583 specimens per animal. It was at this
time that the development of anemia was observed and, as a consequence, a decrease in the daily
milk yield [53].
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In the North Caucasus, 36 species of ixodid ticks live. In the Krasnodar Territory, the number of
ixodid ticks is very high and reaches 600-800 individuals per animal [42, 64, 72]
In the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the presence of Dermacentor ticks was notedmarginatus,
Healommaplumbeum, Rhipicephalus bursa, and Haemaphysalisotophila. It was found that the
adults of D. marginatus ticks emerge from overwintered nymphs and attack sheep mainly in the
spring period (April-May). In late May - early June, the number of parasitic ticks on the animal
sharply decreases to 1015 specimens [41]
On the territory of Abkhazia, 16 species of ixodid ticks were found, of which I ricinus, B.
annulatus and R. sanquineus are widespread, and the latter two are numerous [42,72]
On the territory of Northern Tajikistan, 8 species of ixodid ticks were found on a large horned
animal: H. anatolicum, H. detritum, H. asiaticum, B calcaratus, H. plumbeum, H. punctata, D.
marginatus and Rh. turanicus [68]. On average, 23.4 specimens of ixodids are accounted for by
one ticked animal. The predominant species are H. anatolicum, H. detritum, Hyalormaasiaticum
and Boophiluscalcaratus, which mainly determine the epizootic situation of the territories of
Northern Tajikistan in relation to anaplasmosis and pyropdazmidosis in cattle [68 ].
Annually the number of victims of tick bites in Altai is from nine to twelve thousand people [48]
Each age phase of the ixodid tick has its own habitat, the place of contact with the host. The
imago is a natural focus of mass reproduction [20, 56, 62].
The morphology of female ixodid ticks is characterized by the absence of eyes and scallops; pore
oval-pear-shaped or ovoid. The morphology of males is characterized by the absence of eyes, the
abdominal surface is completely covered with scutes; peritreme rounded. The development cycle
of this species usuallystretches for 3-4 years. Parasitic season-May-June [48]
Climatic instability is capable of changing the vital activity of biological objects, including
affecting the distribution and number of representatives of parasitic systems. Both in medicine
and veterinary medicine, great attention is paid to the study of the characteristics of the vital
activity of carriers and reservoirs of pathogens of infectious and invasive diseases of ixodid ticks
[57].
The greatest diversity of species is distinguished by the fauna of ixodids of tropical
andsubtropical territories. Along with this, it has been established that the geographical
distribution of ixodid ticks, as ectoparasites, depends on environmental conditions, the
distribution of their hosts and reflects the history of the formation of the fauna of a particular
region [30, 57)
The clinical picture of blood-parasitic disease is clearly expressed: ANIMALS have depression,
weakness, anemia, weakening of reflexes, thickening of the skin in places where ticks are
attached, the development of pustular skin lesions, a decrease in body temperature, a weakening
of the cardiac impulse, deviations in the morphophysiological parameters of blood [40, 52] ...
Piroplasmosis affects animals from early spring to late autumn, but the chance of contracting this
disease is especially high in May and October, since the carriers of piroplasmosis are activated
during these months [3, 74, 75].
The causative agent of piroplasmosis affects the blood cells of cattle - erythrocytes. It is
transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy one through the vectors of tick disease. First, the tick
bites a cow with pyroplasmosis and receives the pathogen with its blood. The most dangerous
thing in tick transport is that pyroplasm enters the reproductive system, and the eggs laid by the
female tick are alreadyinfected with pyroplasmosis, which means that the ticks released from the
eggs will be infected and dangerous for cattle (56,74].
The incubation period for this disease lasts about two to three weeks. After this period, cattle
have a sharp rise in temperature to about forty-one to forty-two degrees Celsius. In animals, milk
yield decreases, they are depressed, are not interested in food and drink a lot, their pulse is
increased to one hundred to one hundred and twenty beats per minute, and they also have
frequent breathing [64, 67]
At the very beginning of the disease with piroplasmosis, the mucous membranes of the infected
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49
cow become more red, and then turn pale and take on an icteric tint. The cow shows complete
apathy, and tears from the eyes are often observed [4, 13, 56]. On day 3-4, the animals lose
weight and, basically, lie motionless. During this period, they do not want not only to eat, but
also to drink. The work of the gastrointestinal tract in sick cattle first slows down, and then
completely stops [1, 10]
Infection of blood by erythrocyte parasites with piroplasmas is a serious disease that leads to the
death of cattle. The peak occurs in late spring and the first half of summer (12, 55, 67, 74]
The causative agent - Рiroplasmabigeminum in natural conditions lives in the grass of pastures.
Infection occurs either in the pasture or in the barn while eating cut grass. Ticks are very
tenacious and tolerate frost and lack of food well [14, 17, 63].
Pyroplasmas more often Bcero colonize epithelial tissues in the intestinal region, which causes
digestive disorders. Then erythrocytes are affected and quickly spread in organs and tissues along
with the bloodstream. On average, the incubation period lasts 12-15 days, during which some
mild symptoms may be observed. Then the stage of exacerbation immediately sets in and
immediate treatment is required [11, 25, 56
The life cycle of pyroplasm takes place in the organisms of two hosts - cattle and tick vectors.
Reproduction of piroplasmas in the body of animals occurs in the blood by simple division, and
in the body of ticks - in tissues, hemolymph and eggs. In the body of animals, they multiply first
in the internal organs, and then in the peripheral blood [29, 56)
Pyroplasmosis of cattle is widespread mainly in the southern part of Russia, but it also occurs in
the central regions, and it proceeds benignly compared to warmer regions. Outbreaks of the
disease occur in spring, summer and sometimes fall [40,54]
With spontaneous pyroplasmosis lesions, the incubation period lasts from 6 to 30 days. The
disease is most often acute, less often chronically. Within 1 day, the body temperature rises to 42
"C, the animals are sharply depressed. The mucous membranes at the onset of the disease are
anemic, and on the 3-4th day of the disease they are icteric. Intestinal peristalsis is weakened. In
the first period of the disease, the urine becomes yellowish, then acquires reddish color, and on
the 3-4th day of illness, the color of urine becomes dark brown (44, 56, 70, 75)
Theileriae are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites of the Apicomplexa type, order
Piroplasmid a, family Thelleriidae, genus Theileria. They are closest to Babesia, from which they
differ in the presence of a stage of development of leukocytes before infection of erythrocytes
[31]
This agent affects both wild and domestic Bovidae in most of the world. As well as some types.
infect small ruminants Several species of Theileria spp. have been identified. which infect cattle,
the most pathogenic and economically important are T.ragva, which causes East Coast Fever
(ECF), T.annulata, which causes Tropical Theileriosis (TT) or Mediterranean Theileriosis, and
Torientalis (group T.orientalis / buffell), which causes Eastern theileriasis (OT) or Theileria -
associated bovine anemia. Theilerialestoquardi (T.hircl) causing malignant theileriosis of sheep
(MOT), Theileriauilenbergi n Theilerialuwenshuni are the most pathogenic and economically
affecting small ruminants [5,35].
Theileria usually mature and enter the saliva only after the mite has attached itself to the host;
usually, the tick must be attached 48-72 hours before it becomes infectious; however, if the
environmental temperature is high, infectious sporozoites can develop in ticks on the ground
and canpenetrate the host for several hours after attachment [1, 8]. Within the host,
Theileriasporozoites undergo a complex life cycle involving the replication of schizonts in
leukocytes and piroplasm in erythrocytes. [36] Cattle recovering from Theileria infection
usuallybecomes a carrier [36, 37]
Theileriaparva affects cattle, African buffalo (Synceruscaffen, Indian water buffalo
(Bubalusbubalis) and goats (Kobus spp.) O Taurine cattle are generally more susceptible to ECF;
than zebu (Bosindicus) or sangaIn addition, introduced Taurine, Zebu or Sanga cattle are much
more susceptible to theileriosis than cattle from endemic areas [26, 39].
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Subclinical infections are common only in buffalo cattle; African buffalo and experience - a
reservoir of infection [9. And 23, 26].
Most importantcarrierT.parvais anappendiculatus R. zambeziensis in southern Africa and R.
duttoni in Angola can also spread ECF [16, 39].
Theileriaparva (ECF) is found in 13 countries in sub-Saharan AfricaTick vectors can be found
from sea level to over 8000 feet in any area where the annual rainfall exceeds 20 inches [27,39].
Theileriaparvasporozoites in the salivary glands of infected Rhipicephalusappendiculatus ticks.
Schizonts are found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and whole blood (lymphoblasts) from those
infected with ECF [9, 38, 39]
T.annulata (TT) is found in southern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The
endemic areas Tannulata and T.parva do not overlap. However, the distribution of ticks may
change due to changes in climatic conditions [27,39].
Theileriaannulata is transmitted by ticks of the genus Hyalomma Ticks can
stay infected in the pasture for up to 2 yearsclimatic conditions [16].
Theileriaannulata infects cattle and yaks (Bosgrunniens), usually milder infections. by the water
buffalo; buffalo is considered a natural host in which the parasite has evolved. Taurine breeds of
cattle brought into endemic areas have a much more severe form of the disease than indigenous
zebu cattle [8, 27].
Sporozoites in the salivary glands of infected Hyalomma spp. ticks.
Schizonts are found in the spleen, lymph nodes, liver, and whole blood(mononuclear cells) from
TT infected animals [27.39].
Theileriaorientalis (T. orientalis / buffeli group) has different genotypes capable of infecting
cattle, water buffaloes (Bubalusbubalis), yaks (Bosgrunniens) and sheep [7, 15, 21, 27]
Theileriaorientalis is transmitted through Häemaphysalis spp., Or other generaixodid ticks. H.
longicornis is a vector in Australia, New Zealand andJapan [20, 63].
When T. orientalis infects a nymph feeding on a naive cow, the cowcan infect ticks after 10 days
[63]. Theileriaorientalis - sporozoites in the salivary glands of infected Haemaphysalis spp.
Schizonta mites can be temporarily found in the lymph nodes, spleen and liver. Pyroplasmas can
be detected in erythrocytes approximately 10 days after inoculation [63].
Theileriaorientalis is a blood-borne parasite with eleven genotypes identified (named: Chitose or
type 1, ikeda or type2. buffalo or type 3, types 4 to 8 and N1 to N3). The genotypes of chitose
and Ikeda are associated with severe illness. Theileriaorientalis is ubiquitous, but in countries
affected by clinical OT in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Kopee, China and Vietnam [20, 63]
Theilerialestoquardi (T. hirci) infects small ruminants and is found in the Middle East, East and
other countries North Africa, India, China, Central Asia, Eastern and Southern Europe [2, 3, 8,
9, 21, 24, 28 ]
Theilerialestoquardi are sporozoites in the salivary glands of those infected with Hyalomma spp.
pincers [17]. Theileriauilenbergi n Theilerialuwenshuni are sporozoites in the salivary glands of
infected Naemaphysalis spp. Ticks [22, 36].
Theilerialestoquardi, T.luwenshuni v T.uilenbergi affect sheep and goatsT.uilenbergi has also
been found in subclinically infected sika deer (Cervusnippon) and red deer (Cervuselaphus), and
T.luwenshuni has been found in asymptomatic roe deer (Capreoluspygargus) and Mongolian
gazelles(Procapragutturosa) [22,35].
Theilerialestoquardi are sporozoites in the salivary glands of those infected with Hyalomma spp.
Ticks. Schizonts are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Schizonts produce many
merozoites, which are released after the destruction of lymphocytes, enter the erythrocytes and
turn into pyroplasmas of ring, point and rod forms [17].
Theileriauilenbergi w Theilerialuwenshuni are sporozoites in the salivary glands of
Haemaphysalis spp. ticks. Schizonts can be found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.
Pyroplasmas can be found in erythrocytes [22,36]
It should be noted that only on the basis of a detailed study of the ecological and epizootic
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51
characteristics of cattle ixodidosis, it is possible to introduce scientifically grounded and effective
schemes for the treatment and prevention of animals against a massive attack of ixodid ticks.
IV. RESULTS
As a result of studies carried out in the farms of the upper reaches of the river in the Zarafshan
valley, up to 7% of the incidence of piroplasmosis has been established, in the middle bands up
to 9% and in the lower reaches up to 11%.
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