Scientific ideas of young scientists | Pomysły naukowe młodych naukowców |
Научные идеи молодых ученых
24
November 2020
CULTUROLOGY
SCIENCES
TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF ORNAMENT IN ART
Zebiniso Mukhsinova 1st year master
Department of Arts history and theory of
National institute of fine art and design
named after Kamoliddin Begzad
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
zmuxsinova@gmail.com
Abstract: this thesis reveals the historical development of ornament, it’s types and functions
in art. A brief overview on the dynamics of ornament’s development in different countries and periods
- highlights the features of these cultures.
Key words: islamic art, ornament, composition, islimi, applied art, naskh, girih.
Ornament is a special type of artistic creation, which, according to many researchers, does not
exist as an independent work, it
only adorns a particular thing, but, nevertheless, "it... is a rather
complex artistic structure, which uses various means of expression to create it. Among them — color,
texture and mathematical foundations of
ornamental composition-rhythm, symmetry;
graphic
expression of ornamental lines, their elasticity and mobility, flexibility or angularity; plastic — in
relief ornaments; and finally, the expressive qualities of the natural motifs used, the beauty of the
painted flower, the bend of the stem, the pattern of the leaf...". the Term ornament is associated with
the term decor, which "never
exists in its pure form, it consists of a combination of useful and
beautiful; it is based on functionality, beauty comes after it"[1]. The decor must support or emphasize
the shape of the product.
The study of ornament is a special
section of artistic literacy, necessary for everyone who
deals with the design or formation of the artistic appearance of objects and structures. Ornament is
one of the most ancient types of human visual activity, which in the distant past carried a symbolic
and
magical meaning, sign, and semantic function. But early decorative and ornamental elements
might not have any meaning, but were only abstract signs that expressed a sense of rhythm, form,
order, and symmetry. The purpose of the ornament was determined-to decorate. But it is fair to note
that pictography, an early stage of writing, emerged from ornamental motifs.
In subsequent times, artists simply copied the old forms that had a very specific meaning in
ancient times. The symbolic and semantic content of ornaments returns to the middle Ages.
Decorative pictorial elements of the oldest creativity have been preserved in the traditional art of the
peoples of Africa, Australia, Oceania, in ornaments of South American Indians. In their ornamental
and decorative motifs, real and geometric conventionally stylized forms coexist in parallel. But the
real form of the artist usually" geometrically " stylizes. Often stylization and generalization of figures
of animals and people leads to a complete loss of their external recognition and connection with the
original image. They are perceived simply as a geometric pattern. Having appeared at the dawn of
humanity, the ornament emotionally and aesthetically enriches the variety
of forms and figurative
structure of stone and wood carvings, woven patterns, jewelry, and book miniatures. A big part of the
ornament was held in folk arts and crafts. One of the largest Czech researchers of folk culture, Josef
Ottra, identifies four main functions of the ornament: 1) constructive - it supports the tectonics of the
object and affects its spatial perception; 2) operational — it facilitates
the use of the object; 3)
representational — it increases the impression of the value of the object; 4) psychic — it affects the
person with its symbolism and thus excites or calms him. "Ornament in folk art and folk art has always
been beneficial to the cause, and its interpretation, in essence, corresponds to the principles of modern
aesthetics."[2]