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References
Haydarov A. Expression of connotative meaning in phonetic means. Candidate diss. abstracts. - T .: 2009.- B.6.
Hojiev A. Annotated Dictionary of Linguistic Units. T .: 1985.- B.67.
Axmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. –M .: SE. 1966. –S.312
Arnold I.V. Stylistics of modern English. –M .: Enlightenment. 1990. –S.46.
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THE MAIN FEATURES OF HOMONYMS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
Orunbayeva Uminiso Sharabiddinovna
uminisoxon@gmail.com
Fergana Polytechnic Institute
Abstract: This article is about homonym. Homonym is one of the most controversial points in linguistics. Roughly we may say that when two or more different words are associated with the same or nearly the same denotative meaning, the words are homonyms. Analyzing homonyms we see that some words are homonyms in all their forms and identical in sound and spelling or at least in one of these aspects, but different in their meaning and distribution.
Keywords: controversial points, linguistics, roughly, distribution, similarity of the paradigms.
Homonyms are words identical in sound and spelling or at least in one of these aspects, but different in their meaning and distribution. The term is derived from Greek (homos - the same, onoma - name, i.e. the same name combined with the difference of meaning.
E.g. bank: 1) a shore, a river bank; 2) a financial institution;
Ball: 1) any spherical body; 2) a large dancing party.
Homonyms exist in many languages but in English this language phenomenon is especially frequent, mostly in monosyllabic words (nearly 90 % of homonyms).
Homonyms are divided into homonyms proper (identical in both sound and spelling), e.g. ball, bank; homophones (identical in sound but different in spelling), e.g. piece-peace, knight-night, scent-sent-cent; homographs (the same in spelling but different in sound), e.g. to bow - bow, lead - to lead.
Another classification is based on the part of speech homonyms belong to. If both homonyms belong to the same part of speech, they are lexical, e.g. to read - read, knight -night, to lie - to lie. Homonyms belonging to different parts of speech are called lexico-grammatical, e.g. left - left, eye -I, knows - nose.
The third classification is based on the similarity of the paradigms (grammatical forms each homonym possesses). E.g. match-matches: match - matches, such homonyms are called full. Homonyms that coincide in one or two members (not in all members) of their paradigms are called partial. E.g. to lie- lying-lied - lied: to lie-lying- lay-lain; left: to leave-leaving-left-left.
II. Sources of homonymy.
There are several sources of homonymy.
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Phonetic changes: In the course of the language development two or more words that were pronounced differently may develop identical sound form, e.g. knight-night, sea-see, write-right.
Borrowing: A borrowed word may duplicate in form a native word or another borrowing, e.g. write (native) – rite (Latin ritus), fair (adj, native) - fair (noun, French), bank (shore, native) - bank (institution, Italian).
Word building:
conversion, e.g. pale-to pale, water -to water, comb-to comb;
shortening, e.g. fan - fan (from fanatic), van - from vanguard and from caravan; sound imitation, e.g. bang - to bang; mew -mew- mew.
The knowledge of etymology and other languages will help to supply the missing links. The imprecision of the criteria is recorded in the data of different dictionaries which often contradict each other. E.g. board is represented as two homonyms in Muller’s dictionary, as three homonyms in Arakin’s dictionary and as one polysemantic word in Hornby’s dictionary.
Sometimes criterion of interchangeability has been applied to definition of homonyms. Accordingly, homonyms have been defined as words, which are interchangeable in at least some contexts without any considerable changes in denotative meaning. This criterion, however, has been much criticized. If all homonyms were interchangeable, they would become useless ballast in the language. Even those homonyms that seem to be interchangeable and are called total by Academician Vinogradov, still differ in their distribution, use, etc. e.g. cosmonaut is used in reference to European spacemen and astronaut - to American ones. Or offer is followed by a noun while suggest - by a gerund. So the prevailing majority of homonyms are partial.
Homonyms are united into synonymous rows. In each row there is one word, which presents a kind of center of the group of homonyms. Its semantic structure is usually simple. This is the dominant synonym characterized by:
high frequency of usage;
broad combinability;
broad general meaning;
lack of connotations.
E.g. in the row: to look-to stare-to glare-to gaze-to peer-to peep-to glance-to glimpse-etc. the dominant synonym is the word to look.
Homonyms can be classified as stylistic and ideographic. Stylistic homonyms differ in their stylistic connotations, e.g. father-farther. Ideographic homonyms may differ in the following connotations:
degree or intensity, e.g. hair-hare; night- knight; [eie], e.g. bear-bare ; [i:]see-sea ; , etc.;
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Examples: My hair is long.
I see a hare in the forest.
As we know a bear lives in the forest.
My father bared me to drive a car.
A detective can see each detail immediately.
Our family usually goes to a sea in summer holidays.
We observe full homonymy of the paradigms of two or more different words, e.g., in seal 1 - ‘a sea animal’ and seal 2 - ‘a design printed on paper by means of a stamp’.
The paradigm “seal, seal’s, seals, seals’ ” is identical for both of them and gives no indication of whether it is seal1or seal 2 that we are analysing. In other cases, e.g. seal1 - ‘a sea animal’ and (to) seal, - ‘to close tightly’, we see that although some individual word - forms are homonymous, the whole of the paradigm is not identical.
It is easily observed that only some of the word-forms (e.g. seal, seals, etc.) are homonymous, whereas others (e.g. sealed, sealing) are not. In such cases we cannot speak of homonymous words but only of homonymy of individual word-forms or of partial homonymy. This is true of a number of other cases, e.g. compare: know[nou], knows[nouz], knew[nju:];and no[nou]; nose[nouz],noses['nouzis]; new[nj u:] in which partial homonymy is observed.
In short, these homonyms are referred to as context clues. They are built into the sentences around the difficult word. If you become more aware of the words around the difficult words you encounter in your reading, you will save yourself many trips to the dictionary. To find out Diachronic and Synchronic approaches of the word you will be able to make logical guesses about the meanings of homonyms.
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