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Table 1*
Technologies for collecting sociological information using ICT
Types of
surveys
Short description
Advantages
disadvantages
Off-line
Телефонный
опрос
A panel of potential
respondents is created
by random selection of
phone numbers.
Lower cost, greater
efficiency and
confidentiality,
sincerity of answers
Poor satisfaction of
respondents with
communication with
interviewers; reduced
sense of anonymity,
doubts about the
legitimacy of the phone
call, frequent non-
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Types of
surveys
Short description
Advantages
disadvantages
cooperation and
intentional omissions
SMS-опрос
SMS-messages are sent
to a group of
respondents by means
of mobile
communication, the
contents of which
represent the issues
under study.
Efficiency of receiving
and processing data;
scale and mass.
Convenience and
simplicity in
conducting the survey.
Flexible and efficient
post-processing.
Financial costs for the
purchase of specialized
programs for
maintaining a database
and statistical
processing of survey
results.
CATI
(computer
assisted
telephone
interview)
The process of
organizing and
conducting telephone
interviews is controlled
by a computer
(specialized program).
A respondent matching
the quotas is selected
from the database of
telephone numbers, a
questionnaire form is
called, which, after
filling, is sent to the
database.
Possibly:
- sampling
management;
-planning and
distribution of calls;
- conducting
interviews;
-online monitoring;
- automatic recording
of conversations;
-representation of data.
Insufficient level of
penetration of fixed
telephone
communication does
not allow conducting
representative surveys
in remote regions
CAPI
(computer
assisted
personal inter-
viewing)
The interviewer,
according to the
respondent, fills out a
standardized electronic
questionnaire
(questionnaire) on a
computer, laptop, tablet
computer or mobile
phone.
Reducing the cost and
reducing the duration
of the field stage.
Improving the
visualization of
questionnaires
Interviewer routing
errors are eliminated.
Additional resources
are required for
programming
questionnaires,
selection and training
of interviewers,
acquisition of hardware
and software for
conducting interviews.
On-line
Self-loading
questionnaire
Questionnaires are
downloaded from the
web and run on pre-
installed software
maintained by the
investigator. The data
processing procedure
from the web server is
moved to the
respondent's computer.
The respondent saves
money on Internet
resources, spends less
time on surveys
Additional time and
financial costs are
required compared to
other on-line methods.
To install programs and
download data, the
respondent must have
certain skills.
Bulletin
Boards
Internet
Forums
The researcher finds a
call with the right
audience, actively
participates, and posts
questionnaires on the
It does not require
large time and
financial costs.
Respondents actively
participate. It is
Distortion of
information, inadequate
answers,
filling out the
questionnaire.
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Types of
surveys
Short description
Advantages
disadvantages
call
convenient to ask
open-ended questions
that require detailed
answers.
Information is collected
for a long time.
Web – pages
The questionnaire in
NTML-format is placed
in WWW. To read data
into the database, a
scripting language (GGI
or php) is used.
To create Web pages,
special programs are
used (Dreamweaver,
Frontpage, etc.)
It is possible to create
complex
questionnaires.
Responses are
automatically written
to the database or sent
via E-mail in real time
(depending on the
script code).
Effective only for
enrollment of
respondents and
superficial research
Creation requires some
technical skills.
Polling is not
interactively controlled.
The data is collected
randomly as the visitor
fills out the
questionnaire.
The cost of research is
much higher. than in e-
mail and newgroups.
Standard
Web-surveys
The program containing
the questionnaire in
HTML format is hosted
on the WWW. The
questionnaire is an
opening containing
several Web pages that
are loaded one at a time
or in random order.
The characteristics of
the WWW hypertext
make it possible to
respond adequately,
giving maximum
explanations for the
respondents. It is
possible to create
complex (structured)
questionnaires
Certain technical skills
are required from
researchers and
respondents.
Financial costs are
significantly higher
than in E-mail and
newsgroups
Internet panels
A specially recruited
(panel) sample is
formed -
an updated database of
potential respondents
who completed the
preliminary
questionnaire.
Allows targeted
distribution of
invitations.
Possibility to vary
sampling parameters.
High probability of
receiving answers
from respondents
There are no data on
the general population
due to its anonymity. It
is not possible to form
sample populations.
e-mailing list
Questionnaires in text
format are sent to
respondents according
to the list of E-mail
addresses.
Special programs
(Email Questionnaire,
WinSurvey) allow:
- create an e-mail
profile;
- control the logic and
completeness of filling
out the questionnaire;
Simplicity, low cost
and high speed of data
collection. The
researcher, without
special computer
training, can send out
questions and analyze
the received data.
Unable to track skip
logic and
Randomness in
answers, check for
errors.
Unreliable
(unscrupulous)
respondents may be
involved in research.
There is a possibility of
getting into the "black
list" of mail servers that
can block messages
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Types of
surveys
Short description
Advantages
disadvantages
- work with databases of
electronic addresses;
-send out questionnaires
according to a given
sample;
- maintain a database of
answers;
- form a sample
population.
from the research
address.
(newgroups
)
The questionnaire is
sent to the site
newgroup.
Each group has its own
list
respondents are
sampled.
The survey takes place
interactively or offline.
By demonstrating
technical means of
guaranteeing
anonymity, the
researcher can attract a
large number of
participants to the
survey.
It is not possible to
track visitors who read
the questionnaire but
did not complete it.
Online focus
groups
Online interview in real
time with several
respondents at the same
time.
An Internet user enters a
discussion session,
discovers the
moderator's suggestions
Questions, and then
enters your answers
using the keyboard.
Allows you to quickly
receive the necessary
quality information
Logic and control
mechanisms must be
carried out by a
qualified moderator.
Users with very poor
typing skills can
participate in the
discussion.
* author's development
Off-line surveys. In CAPI technology, the respondent downloads the questionnaire to his
computer, generates a response protocol and sends it to the researcher. The questionnaire is filled
in in the traditional way or with a computer program. It differs from traditional methods in that
its use allows researchers to show respondents various topics for discussion using the multimedia
and interactive features of the software. CATI technology is a telephone survey using a
computer, where a voice connection is established with respondents whose telephone numbers
are contained in the database. The answers are accumulated on a single information portal, which
allows them to be processed as they become available. The use of CAPI and CATI surveys
requires the use of a specialized computer program that can be installed on laptop computers and
automate the field stages of sociological research.
SMS-poll is used with the help of mobile communication. At the same time, the
researcher sends an electronic appeal to a certain group of respondents with questions on the
content corresponding to the problem under study. The received answers are automatically
systematized and processed.
The main advantages of using off-line technologies are cost reduction and reduction in
the duration of the field stage of research compared to the traditional paper-based data collection
procedure. There are also opportunities for visualizing questionnaires and using various
applications, monitoring the activities of interviewers and the quality of filling out
questionnaires, as well as creating individual questionnaires for certain respondents.
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