Samarqand davlat chet tillar instituti tarjima nazaryasi va amaliyoti fakulteti tarjima nazaryasi va amaliyoti kafedrasi

2.2. "Martin Iden" romanidagi novatorlik xususuyatlar

Amerikalik yozuvchi Jek Londonning "Martin Iden" bosh qahramon - ijodkor shaxs bo’lib u kambag`al oiladan chiqqan. Asar voqealari boshlanganda Martin ota-onasidan ajralib, yetim bo`lib qolgan edi, uning bu olamdagi eng yaqin kishisi - ikki opasi edi. Tabiiy qon-qardoshlik bog`lab turgan bu opalar o`z jigariga ona singari harqancha mehribon bo`lmasin, ular Martinning yuksak orzu-niyatlarini anglay olmasdilar.

Bu romanda Martinning pochchasi Bernard savdogarlik bilan shug`ullanadi. U o`z rafiqasini ayovsiz xo`rlaydi, bu mushfiq ayolni inson o`rnida ko`rmaydi, uka tufayli oilada g`idi-bidi bo`lib turadi. Gertrudaning taqdiri Martinning yurak-bag`rini ezadi, opasiga qarab qattiq iztirob chekadi. Martin ma'lum muddatga qo`li kaltalik sabab pochchasinikida turishga majbur bo`ladi. Pochchasi bilan Martin o’rtasidagi munosabat Martinning adib bo`lish orzusi niyati tufayli buziladi.

Asar qahramonining hayotidagi juda muhim o`zgarish- u ilohiy muhabbat bilan sevgan qizni uchratishi voqeasi bilan boshlanadi. Ruf yuqori tabaqa vakili bo`lib, Martin uchun qo`l yetmas yuksaklikda yashaydi.

Voqealar romanda bir-biriga mushtarak ravishda rivojlanib boradi. Yuqori tabaqaga mansub bo`lgan boy-badavlat qizga erishish maqsadi Martinni iztirobga solib, undagi ichki kuchni uyg`otib yuboradi.

Martin o`z sevgilisiga munosib bo`lish, unga erishish uchun jamiyki imkoniyatlarini ishga soladi. Martin va Ruf o`rtasidagi muhabbatni Rufning yaqinlari qabul qila olmaydi.

Voqealarning keyingi rivoji roman muallifining badiiy maqsadiga ko`ra Martin kapitalizm sharoitida mumkin bo`lgani singari kutilmagan muvaffaqiyatga, katta boylikka erishadi.Yechim esa har tabiat tomonidan katta potensial kuch ato etilgan, yuksak orzu-maqsadlar bilan yashagan navqiron yigit xudkushlikka yuz tutadi.

"Martin Iden" dagi voqealar Martinning o`zi uchun yangi bo`lgan muhitga - birining o`ziga yot bo`lgan tabaqa vakillari xonadonidagi Ruf birinchi ko`rishdayoq yigitda barq urib turgan sog`lom navqironlik o`ziga jalb qiladi; umuman, qiz ham ijtimoiy tafovut haqida o`ylab ko`rishga ham, bu yigitning yuksak ma'naviy dunyosi bilan tanishishga ham ulgurmay tabiiy maylning asiri bo`lib qoladi.

Jek London dastlabki uchrashuvning qizdagi taassurotini shunday tasvirlaydi: “Also, with quick, critical eye, she noted a scar on his cheek, another that peeped out from under the hair of the forehead, and a third that ran down and disappeared under the starched color. She repressed a smile at sight of the red line that marked the chafe of the color against the bronzed neck” ( 12-13). ("Uning ko`zibir lahzaga yigitning quyoshda qorayib bronza tusiga kirgan, kuch-quvvat yog`ilib turgan, buqaniki singari yog`on va muskuldor bo`yniga tushdi... sizning tasavvurida, agar hozir yigitning bo`ynidan quchoqlasa, uning butun kuch va qudrati o`ziga o`tadigandek edi".) Ruf ham Martin singari birinchi uchrashuvdayoq shaydo bo`lib qoladi. Qizni maftun etgan jismoniy sog`lomlik, kuch-quvvat bir necha o`rinlarda takror-takror aytib o`tiladi.

Romanning boshidanoq bu juftliklarni tabiat aynan bir-biri uchun yaratganligi ma'lum bo`ladi. Ammo o`rtada ijtimoiy tengsizlik yotar edi, mana shu ijtimoiy tengsizlik ularning turlicha tarbiya olishlariga sabab bo`lgan edi. Ruf va Martinning oldida ijtimoiy tengsizlik, atrofdagilarning bir-biriga zid dunyoqarashi va ikki xil tarbiya asoratlarini yengishdek murakkab vazifa ko`ndalang bo`ladi. Ruf tabiat bergan tuyg`uni jamiyat qoidalariga uyg`unlashtira olmay qiynaladi. Pirovardida esa, ijtimoiy munosabatlar, atrofidagilarning ta'siri ustun kelib, u o`z sevgilisidan gina emas, yuragini to`ldirgan ulug`vor muhabbatdan ham yuz o`giradi. To o`shanga qadar ham bu mag`rur qiz past tabaqadan chiqqan yigitga bo`lgan sevgisini tan olishni istamay, Ruf bu muhabbatni Martinni qayta tarbiyalash, o`rtoqlik munosabati" pardasi ostiga yashirishga harakat qiladi.

Qahramonlar xarakterini to’grisida aytadigan bo’lsak Martin - 20 yoshli yigit, u har qancha sog`lom va kuch-quvvatga to`la yigit bo`lmasin, Ruflar muhitida juda tortinchoq kishiga aylanadi, harbir harakatidan xijolat bo`ladi. Martin uchun Ruf qo`l yetmas farishtaga aylanadi: “Her body was more than the garb of her spirit. It was an emanation of her spirit, a pure and gracious crystallization of her divine essence. This feeling of the divine startled him. It shocked him from his dreams to sober thought. No word, no clue, nor hint, of the divine had ever reached him before. He had never believed in the divine. He had always been irreligious, scoffing good-naturedly at the sky-pilots and their immortality of the soul. There was no life beyond, he had contended; it was here and now, then darkness everlasting. But what he had seen in her eyes was soul – immortalsoul that could never die. No man he had known, nor any woman, had given him the message of immortality. But she had. She had whispered it to him the first moment she looked at him. Her face shimmered before his eyes as he walked along, – pale and serious, sweet and sensitive, smiling with pity and tenderness as only a spirit could smile, and pure as he had never dreamed purity could be. Her purity smote him like a blow. It startled him. He had known good and bad, but purity, as an attribute of existence, had never entered his mind. And now, in her, he conceived purity to be and superlative of goodness and of cleanness, the sum of which constituted eternal life.” ( 30-31). “His lover’s imagination had made her holy, too holy, too spiritualized…”( 95) ("Oshiqi beqarorbo`lgan Martinning tasavvuri qizni shu qadar muqaddas, shu qadar ilohiy, beg`ubor malak darajasiga olib chiqib qo`ygan edi..." ( 105).) Martin hatto o`z uyiga taklif qilgan Rufnikiga oradan qancha muddat o`tkazib borish singari jo`n masala bilan boshini haftalar davomida qotirib ( "He did not know the proper time to call, nor was there anyone to tell him"( 55). ("qancha vaqt o`tgandan keyin siznikiga borish odobga muvofiq ekanligini u bilmasdi, ayni vaqtda unga buni tushuntiradigan odam ham yo`q edi" ( 59)), axiyri kutubxonachidan maslahat so`raydi. qo`yib og`rintirish bo`ladimi, shuni tezdan hal qilolmadi" ( 61).

Martin Rufning otasi mister Morz "longing all the while for some quick danger of death to threaten, so that he might spring in and save her father" ( 49) ("...hozir katta bir falokatga uchrasa-yu, bu falokatdan uni qutqarib qolsam, deb astoydil orzu qilardi" ( 51)). Martin o’zi tanlagan mahbubaga nomunosib deb bilib iztirob chekadi, uning muhitida o`zini qo`pol va noloyiq sezadi. Martin va Rufning muloqot qilib turishlariga vosita bo`ladigan badiiy detal - kitoblar, mutolaa edi. Birgalikda kitob o`qish fursatlaridan birida Martin o`z xayollariga berilib ketadi-yu, buni payqab qolgan Ruf “ You were not following a word, - she pouted.Then she laughed at him, delighting in his confusion, and as he looked into her frank eyes and knew that she had divined nothing of what he felt, he became abashed” ( 95)( "Siz hech nima eshitmadingiz, - dedi qiz o`pkalanib. Keyin yigitning xijolat bo`lganidan zavqlanib, shu zahoti jilmayib qo`ydi. Martin uning chaqnab turgan ko`zlariga tikilib, o`z dilida yuz bergan tuhyondan Rufning tamomila bexabar ekanligini angladi va uyalib ketdi".

Martinning yozuvchilikdan maqsadi - boylik orttirish orqali ma’shuqa vasliga erishish ekanligi, jamiyki orzu-amallaridan judo bo`lgan oshiqning bir payt qo`l yetmas yuksaklikda deb tasavvur qilingan, pirovardida esa bosh egib kelgan mahbubani rad etishi kabi motivlari tasvirlangan.
Jek Londonning qahramoni burjua jamiyatiga xos ravishda - tasodifiymi, qonuniymi - o`z potensialini yuzaga chiqara oldi; u jamiyatda buyuk yozuvchi sifatida e'tirof etildi, katta boylik egasiga aylandi. Martin Iden fojiasining sababi ko`pgina tadqiqotchilar ko`rsatganidek, uning individualizm qobiqlarida o`ralashib qolganligida ham, ma'naviy tanazzulida, muhabbat bilan bog`liq mojarolarda ham bo`lishi mumkin. Ammo oldindan aytish mumkinki, mazkur kurs ish doirasidagi kuzatishlarimiz bu fojianing yana bir ruhiy-psixologik sababi borligini ko`rsatdi - Martin Iden yozuvchi sifatida o`ziga berilgan potensialni sarflab bo`ldi, uning hayoti mazmunini tashkil qilgan ijod quvvati tugadi, shunda u xuddi zaryadi tugagan mexanizm singari o`chishga mahkum bo`ldi. Martin Iden buni g`ayri tabiiy ravishda angladi va o`z joniga qasd qildi.

Martin Iden o`zining asosiy maqsadiga erishish, o`z manziliga yetish pirovardida fojiaga yuzlanishi aks ettirilgan.

"Martin Iden" Jek London romanining barcha bo`limlarida Martin bilan bog`liq voqealar qalamga olinadi - romanda bosh qahramon ishtirok etmagan birorta ham bo`lim yo`q.

Adib ijtimoiy hayot manzaralarini Martin atrofida, Martin ishtirokida kechgan voqealar prizmasi orqali tasvirlaydi; voqealar qamrovini shu bilan chegaralab qo`yadi. U o`z o`quvchisini hayotning qaysi jabhasiga olib kirmasin, o`quvchiga albatta Martin hamroqlik qiladi. Ehtimol, xuddi shuning uchun ham bosh qahramonning ismi-sharifi sarlavhaga olib chiqilgan. Bu romanning syujet liniyasi bir nuqtadan chiqib uzayib borayotgan yagona to`qri chiziqni eslatadi.

Adib roman janrini tanlab, unda muayyan ijtimoiy-siyosiy tuzumning badiiy tarixini yaratgan, asarda muallif nobop ijtimoiy tuzumning noinsoniy muhitini ob'ektiv tarzda ochib tashlagan. Ayni paytda Jek London moddiy qadriyatlar birinchi o`ringa chiqqan jamiyatda ma'naviy tanazzulning muqarrarligi, har ikkisini o`zida birvarakayiga mujassamlashtirmoqchi bo`lganlarning halokatga mahkumligini san'atkorona ochib bergan.

Jek London romanining asosiy g`oyasi shundan iboratki, Martin yashagan jamiyatda pastki tabaqa hayoti ham, yuqori tabaqa hayoti ham yuksak insoniy orzularni amalga oshirish uchun yaroqsizdir. Inson bu ikki toifa ichida ham tom ma'noda baxtli bo`lishi mumkin emas. Ularning birida muhtojlik va qashshoqlik insonni ichkilikbozlik va buzuqlikka sudrab ruhan tubanlashtirsa, ikkinchisida mol-mulkka mukkasidan ketish tufayli tuqiladigan soxtalik ma'naviy qiyofani siyqalashtirib yuboradi.

Ularning birida inson orzularning amalga oshmasligidan bo`lsa, ikkinchisida intilishlarning siyqaligidan nafas ololmaydi. Chinakam insoniy intilish va ammollar uchun tug`ilgan Martin kabilarga bu jamiyatda o`rin yo`qdir.

II. bob bo`yicha xulosa

Umuman, Jek London faqat Martin yashagan jamiyatda emas, u yoki bu darajada umuman insonlik jamiyatlariga xos bo`lgan hur fikrlilikni, o`ziga xoslikni, yangilikni sig`ishtira olmaslik psixologiyasi; yakranglik, dogmalarga mutelik psixologiyasi; ko`pchilikka xos bo`lmagan qarashlardan qo`rquv psixologiyasi; moddiy unchilik psixologiyasini fosh qiladi. Romanda davr psixologiyasiga moslasha olmagan qahramonlarning tragik qismati qalamga olingan."Martin Iden" avtobiografik xususiyatga ega. Shuning uchun ham Jek London ijodkor obrazini yaratishda ham o`z tabiati va tajribalaridan kelib chiqdi.