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And now let us do tests
#Whom will you invite…your birthday party?
- for
- on
- at
- onto
#Can you take your brother…school?
- from
- in
- above
- under
#She got up…6.45 in the morning, had breakfast and left home…work at 8.15.
- at/for
- for/at
- without/in
- by/in
#I could do…cup of coffee.
- with
- about
- across
- unlike
#In the morning he usually buys a newspaper and looks…it on his way to the office.
- through
- up
- above
- around
#There are millions…people…African countries who have no jobs.
- of/in
- to/to
- without/between
- by/to
#The house where we lived was…the river.
- near
- around
- out
- upon
#I would have roast beef…potatoes, please.
- with
- onto
- up
- out
#There was not much…the menu.
- in
- by
- to
- for
#Is there anything in that new magazine worth of _____.
- reading
- as read
- is reading
- is readed
#Although I was in a hurry, I stopped _____ to him.
- to talk
- as talking
- are talked
- is talk
LESSON 18. WHAT IS A BALANCE SHEET? ECOLOGY.
Ilova 1 (18.1)
What's a master budget?
Here is part of a description of a master budget, given in a class to management trainees. Complete the spaces with appropriate words from the box.
administrative
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cash
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Income
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turnover
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budget
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fixed
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Raw
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variable
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capital
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forecast
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Sheet
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In business planning, a company financial controller needs to prepare a master budget. This is a budgeted (1)....................... statement which shows
(2)....................... income and expenditure, and also a balance (3)....................... .
The master budget summarizes various forecasts, or budgets. Each of the following needs its own (4)....................... : sales, showing expected (5).......................,
production, showing all overheads and costs, both (6)....................... and
(7)......................., e.g. labour, (8)....................... materials and components.
A separate (9)....................... expenditure budget shows major spending on
equipment and machinery. Another budget shows all general and (10).......................
expenditure that the business needs. Also, a (11)....................... budget shows
estimated income and expenditure of cash, i.e. not cheque or credit card payments or payments by banker's order.
If a simple coconut juice stand on a Samoan island beach were treated as a company, its balance sheet would consist of the following: its assets would be made up of the coconuts and the materials necessary to make and sell juice plus any cash on hand. If anything had been borrowed to set up the operation, these debts would have to be listed as liabilities. Whatever was left over after subtracting the debts from the assets would become the budding young entrepreneur's stockholder's equity.
All of the assets and liabilities of a company-even one as small as a coconut stand in the South Pacific-can be added up to see what the company owes and what it owns. A balance sheet is this summary, a snapshot of a company's position at a given point in time.
A balance sheet is made up of two lists, placed side by side. On the left the company lists everything it owns, such as cash and "fixed assets" called property, plant, and equipment, which include everything from buildings and trucks to tools, pencils, and copy machines. This list is labeled assets. On the other side, the company lists its liabilities, consisting of all claims to the company's assets, from creditors and from the company's owners. The lists end up being exactly equal-whatever assets are not claimed by the company's creditors belong to the owners.
When the company's shareholders sit down to see what they really own, they look at the lists on both sides of the balance sheet. By subtracting a company's liabilities from its assets, shareholders calculate the stockholders' equity to see what belongs to them after all of the company's debts have been paid off. This is commonly called book value.
When liabilities, such as loans from banks, start to exceed the level of a company's assets, the shareholders may become nervous and sell their shares. They don't want to be around on the day when the company can no longer pay its debts and is forced to declare bankruptcy, reducing the shareholders' equity to nothing.
The purpose of accounting is to provide the company's shareholders with a clear picture of the company's financial health. This "photograph", which is usually published once a year, can be used as a managerial tool, allowing us to see how efficient a company is, and whether it should stay in business.
Key words:
wealth богатство бойлик
set laws устанавливать законы конунларни тузиш
govern управлять бошкариш
property rights права собственности мулк хукуки
variety разнообразие турли хил
command economy административная экономика маъмурий иктисодиёт
market economy рыночная экономика бозор иктисодиёти
mixed economy смешанная экономика аралаш иктисодиёти
invisible невидимый куринмас
direction направление, указание йуналиш
supply поставлять, снабжать йетказиб бериш
transmit передавать утказиш
adjust регулировать тартибга солиш
supply meets demand предложение равно спросу етказиб бериш талабга тенг
equilibrium равновесие мувозанат
law enforcement обеспечение соблюдения законов хукукни муховаза килиш
defense оборона химоя килиш
fail терпеть неудачу муваффакиятсизлик
social security социальное обеспечение ижтимоий таъминот
justice правосудие адолат
disposal утилизация йук килиш
violence насилие зуравонлик
government intervention государственное вмешательство давлат аралашуви
market forces рыночные силы бозор кучлари
demand curve кривая спроса талаб эгриси
supply curve кривая предложения таклиф эгриси
quantity количество микдор
public good общественный продукт ижтимоий махсулот
broadcasting радиотрансляция радио эштириш
subsidize export industries субсидировать экспортные отрасли экспорт сохасини субсидиялаш
monetary policy кредитно-денежная политика пул-кредит сиёсати
fiscal policy налоговая политика солик сиёсати.
EXERCISES: COMPREHENSION CHECK
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