Samarkand iktisodiyot va servis instituti

LESSON 6. HOW ARE INTEREST RATES USED TO CONTROL AN ECONOMY? BUSINESS COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH.

In free-market economies, consumers and businesses can do almost anything they want as long as they pay for it. Therefore, by controlling the cost of money-its interest rate-central banks are able to influence economic growth.

In a totalitarian country the government can simply tell its citizens what it wants them to do. But in free-market countries, consumers and businesses are encouraged to increase or reduce their economic activity through a variety of economic incentives. By increasing short-term interest rates, for example, a central bank discourages bank lending, reducing the amount of money available for business expansion and consumer spending. Likewise, by lowering these interest rates, a central bank acts to encourage economic activity.
Banks often borrow money from the central bank to lend to consumers and businesses. When a central bank decides to change its discount rate, the interest rate it charges for loans to banks, interest rates across the nation almost always follow suit. The interest rates on loans made between banks-called Fed Funds rates in the United States and interbank rates in Europe-tend to rise whenever banks have to pay more to borrow money themselves.
All interest rates are linked, because money, like most commodities, is interchangeable. Banks and individuals will go wherever interest rates are lowest-basically, wherever money is cheapest-so a change in interest rates announced in Washington will affect interest rates in Singapore.
In the global village of the international money markets, interest rates have become the heartbeat of economic activity, regulating economic growth worldwide. A country's consumers and businesses, therefore can be directly affected by central bank decisions made on the other side of the world. Foreign investment money can come flooding in at a moment's notice, or be pulled out just as quickly if one country's interest rates are not kept in line with other countries in the world economy.

Key words:

other things being equal при прочих равных условиях бошка нарсалар тенгдир
micro- and macroeconomics микро- и макроэкономика иктисодиёт
management менеджмент бошкариш
marketing маркетинг маркетинг
finance финансы и денежное обращение молия ва пул айланмаси
accounting бухгалтерский учет бухгалтерия хисоби
logistics логистика логистика
research and development НИОКР илмий тадкикотлар ва ишлаб чикиш ишлари
definition определение таърифи
formulate формулировать шакллантириш
scarce resources редкие (ограниченные) ресурсы кам, ресурслар
commodity товар махсулот
distribute распределять таркатиш
business executive управляющий директор, топ менеджер-бошкарувчи
causes and consequences причины и следствия сабаб ва натижа
inflationary инфляционный инфляциялик
rational рациональный, разумный окилона
run (a business) управлять, руководить бошкармок
production and consumption производство и потребление ишлаб чикариш ва истеъмол