ment (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993), 154.
6. Timothy Brennan, “The National Longing for Form,” in Nation and
Narration, ed. Homi Bhabha (London: Routledge, 1990), 49.
7. Ibid., 51. Franco Moretti argues, on the contrary, “In general, the nov
el has not stimulated social polyphony [as Bakhtin would have it], but rather
reduced it (as I have tried to show here and there in The Way o f the World and
Modern Epic). The undeniable polyphony of the Russian novel of ideas is in this
Some novels, o f course, are national narratives with plots that are
especially pertinent to the imagining o f a nation.® The two studies o f the
novel that, to my knowledge, do most to flesh out Anderson’s insight about
the novel as a precondition for the nation both focus on novels whose plots
symbolically represent the resolution o f national differences. Such, for in
stance, are the “foundational fictions” o f Latin America that Doris Som
mer has studied in her book o f that title. These are historical romances
that “became national novels in their respective countries,” potboilers that
“cooked up the desire for authoritative government from the apparently
raw material o f erotic love.”^ These romances, which illustrate “the inextri-
cability o f politics from fiction in the history o f nation-building,” are “ in
evitably stories o f star-crossed lovers who represent particular regions, rac
es, parties, or economic interests, which should naturally come together.” *®
Erotic and political desires reinforce one another: “one libidinal invest
ment ups the ante for the other. And every obstacle that the lovers encoun
ter heightens more than their mutual desire to (be a) couple, more than
respect the exception, not the rule, of novelistic evolution: not by chance gener
ated . . . by a European, not a national frame.” State building requires streamlin
ing, as various jargons and dialects are reduced to a national language. See Franco
Moretti, Atlas o f the European Novel iSoo-içoo (London: Verso, 1998), 45П; here
after abbreviated Atlas and cited parenthetically in the text.
In fact, Brennan might not disagree with Moretti. The question may be
how far the novel represents the social polyphony that by its embrace or contain
ment it in effect works to reduce. Critics’ eagerness to espouse the Bakhtinian the
sis of the dialogic nature of the novel may lead them to neglect the novel’s contri
bution to national homogenization.
8. Fredric Jameson notoriously claims, “All third-world texts are necessar
ily, I want to argue, allegorical in a very specific way: they are to be read as what I
will call national allegories.” The relation of this claim about all third-world texts
to claims about the “old-fashioned novel” in general is scarcely clear. See Fredric
Jameson, “Third-World Literature in the Era of Multi-National Capitalism,” So
cial Text\ (fall 1986): 69.
9. Doris Sommer, Foundational Fictions: The National Romances o f la tin
America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 51.
10. Doris Sommer, “Irresistible Romance: The Foundational Fictions of
Latin America,” in Nation and Narration, ed. Homi Bhabha (London: Routledge,
1990), 81. The central argument of Foundational Fictions is nicely summarized in
“Irresistible Romance.”
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T H E O R Y
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