Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
different. One might say that at the center of attention is the role of
letters as elements of mathematical language. First of all, the letter
acts as the “name” of any number in some set. This is underscored
in formulations that use quantifying phrases such as “for any. . .” and
“for all. . ..” Consider the following example of a text that is read by
students in fifth grade:
You know the commutative property of addition: when the places of
terms are switched, the sum does not change. In accordance with this
property, for example,
280
+ 361 = 361 + 280, 0 + 127 = 127 + 0.
Using letters, the commutative property can be written in the
following way:
For any numbers a and b, a + b = b + a.
This literal equality, which expresses a general property of the
addition of numbers, has replaced for us an infinite number of number
equalities (Dorofeev, Sharygin et al., 2007a, p. 82).
Similar arguments are presented in introducing literal notation for
the commutative property of multiplication, the associative property
of addition and multiplication, and so on.
The letter may also act as a proper noun. For example, π is a quite
definite number, about which the students so far know only that it is
a number of a new kind, which is neither an integer nor a fraction,
and that it may be expressed approximately in decimals. Special letters
are “assigned” to the sets of natural numbers, integers, and rational
numbers — N, Z, and Q, respectively.
Students learn the rules for writing literal expressions, in particular
the role of parentheses as a “grouping” sign. Classroom activity is
mainly aimed at getting the students to learn and grasp the significance
of and reasons for introducing letters, and to practice “translating”
from Russian into mathematical language. Several examples:
1. Write in the form of a mathematical sentence:
(a) the number k is less than 5; (b) the absolute value of the number
m is greater than 1; (c) the square of the number a is equal to 4.
(Dorofeev, Sharygin et al., 2007b, p. 244)
March 9, 2011
15:2
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch04
On Algebra Education in Russian Schools
147
2. The following examples illustrate a certain rule. Formulate this
rule and write it down using letters:
(a) 7
· 0 = 0, 15.3 · 0 = 0,
2
5
· 0 = 0;
(b) 4
+ (−4) = 0; 0.3 + (−0.3) = 0;
1
3
+
−
1
3
= 0. (Dorofeev,
Sharygin et al., 2007b, p. 245)
3. In order to write “long” expressions, mathematicians often use
an ellipsis. For example, the expression 1
· 2 · 3 · . . . · 50 means
the product of all natural numbers from 1 to 50. Write down the
following in the form of a mathematical expression:
(a) the product of all natural numbers from 1 to 100;
(b) the product of all natural numbers from 1 to n;
(c) the sum of all natural numbers from 1 to 100;
(d) the sum of all natural numbers from 1 to n. (Dorofeev,
Sharygin et al., 2007b, p. 245)
4. Write down the following problem in the form of an equation and
solve it:
Tanya thought of a number, multiplied it by 15, and sub-
tracted the result from 80. She obtained 20. What number did
Tanya originally think of? (Dorofeev, Sharygin et al., 2007b,
p. 259)
Algebraic “technique” — the transformation of literal expres-
sions — belongs to the next educational stage and begins to be
studied systematically in grade 7. But at the stage of grades 5–6, the
study of number systems and computational algorithms is organized
in such a way as to create a substantive foundation for the study of
algebraic transformations in the future: students learn the properties
of arithmetic operations as an apparatus for the transformations of
numeric expressions. Thus, in the fifth-grade course, students examine
the possibility of using the rules of addition and multiplication in
order to substitute numeric expressions with simpler expressions whose
value may even be found mentally. The problems presented to the
children are simple and understandable; the work they do is substantive,
motivated, and easy to appreciate. At the same time, the students
perform quite serious manipulations with numeric expressions: they
write down numeric sequences, group terms and factors in a convenient
March 9, 2011
15:2
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch04
148
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |