Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
The main objectives of the study of Mathematics and Informatics,
according to the same Standards, are as follows: development of
mathematical speech, logical and algorithmic thinking, imagination,
and preliminary notions of computer literacy (p. 22).
At this time, there are 15 curriculum “series” or “complexes,”
14
as they are called, in Russia in mathematics for the elementary
school, evaluated and included in the federal register of textbooks
recommended by the RF Ministry of Education and Sciences for use in
Russian schools (see http://www.edu.ru/db-mon/mo/Data/d_09/
m822.html).
Different methodological ideas underlie the various “complexes;”
however, all of them give primacy of place to the developmental aims
of education. Ivashova et al. (2009) stress the equal importance of
developmental and discipline-specific aims.
All of the “complexes” break down the material according to the
basic components of learning activity (positing an objective, proposing
ways of attaining the objective, planning, following the plan, self-
monitoring and self-evaluation, reflection). Bashmakov and Nefedova
(2009) and Ivashova et al. (2009) include an overview at the start of
the textbook (section titled “What will we learn?”), quarterly review
sections, and reference materials.
Several textbooks make use of creating so-called “problem sit-
uations” in the material: for example, in Ivashova et al. (2009)
and Istomina et al. (2009), students are asked to evaluate solving
strategies, explain underlying reasoning, choose the best option, and
find and correct errors. In Ivashova et al. (2009), correction of errors
presupposes variability, as in the following exercise:
Check the calculations. Correct one of the terms or the final value.
14
Typically, such a “complex” includes not only textbooks, but teachers’ manuals,
problem books, and other supplemental materials.
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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The History and the Present State
63
Arginskaya et al. (2009), Davydov et al. (2009), and Istomina
et al. (2009), among others, encourage students to find a solution
strategy independently and draw their own conclusions. Exercises
involving “problem situations,” composition, or transformation of
existing problems, numbers, expressions, investigative exercises, and
so on promote creative thinking in students. For example:
What is the rule governing the
transformations of the original
expression in each column?
7
· 4 + 18 − 9 · 3
28
+ 18 − 9 · 3
28
+ 18 − 27
46
− 27
86
− 7 · 3 − 49 ÷ 7
86
− 21 − 49 ÷ 7
86
− 21 − 7
65
− 7
Use the same rule to construct a new column beginning with the expres-
sion 9
· 5 − 6 · 4 ÷ 8 (Istomina et al., 2009, 3rd grade).
The following strategies reflect the movement toward personalized
education:
• Students are asked to characterize exercises as easy or difficult,
interesting or boring, to choose the most comfortable solution
strategy (Alexandrova, 2009; Davydov et al., 2009; Ivashova
et al., 2009), explain the solution process (Alexandrova, 2009;
Arginskaya et al., 2009; Ivashova et al., 2009), compose an original
exercise and teach it to others (Alexandrova, 2009), and compose
problems based on personal observations (Davydov et al., 2009).
• Exercises are worded in a personalized manner: “Do you know … ?”
“How much would you have to spend if you wanted to buy … ?”
“Draw up a plan of action and tell it to others” (Ivashova et al.,
2009; Rudnitskaya and Yudacheva, 2009).
• Emphasis is placed on alternative solving strategies (Alexandrova,
2009; Istomina, 2009; Ivashova et al., 2009), and on choosing the
most appealing exercises (Rudnitskaya and Yudacheva, 2009) and
solving strategies (Ivashova et al., 2009).
• Exercises of varying difficulty include advanced-level (Ivashova
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