6
Schools with a Humanities Orientation
While the history of schools with an advanced course of study in
mathematics is already over 50 years old, the problem of creating a
course in mathematics for schools with a humanities orientation has
arisen relatively recently. Sarantsev (2003) even dated the origin of the
problem exactly: “The problem of the humanitarization of education
officially begins with the All-Union Congress of Public Education
Workers (December 1988)” (p. 3). Without insisting on such an exact
date, we must acknowledge that the resolutions passed by the Congress
did indeed point out the need to rectify the unsatisfactory situation
connected with the teaching of subjects in the humanities. On the crest
of Gorbachev’s perestroika, when it became commonplace to demand
that “the human factor” be taken into account, and when it became
fashionable to attack the older system for turning people into mere
cogs in an enormous machine, Russian (Soviet) education began to
be increasingly criticized for being excessively technocratic, with more
and more voices demanding that it be “humanitarized.”
What this term meant, however, remained sufficiently unclear.
Chapter 10 of this volume discusses certain studies devoted to the
humanitarization of education; here, we will merely refer to Sarantsev’s
(2003) overview, which lists a number of perspectives “on the content
of the concept of the humanitarization of education in general,
and mathematics education in particular.” Among these different
perspectives is an interpretation of humanitarization that equates it with
increasing the number of hours allocated in school curricula for the
study of subjects in the humanities; interpretations that emphasize the
paramount importance of the developmental function of mathematics
education; and interpretations that simply explain that humanitariza-
tion is a “complex, multifaceted phenomenon, characterized by a
specific totality of characteristics” (p. 4).
Theoretical debates, however, have been accompanied by quite
practical problems. We have already noted that school curricula became
much more flexible in the early 1990s than they had been previously.
While the number of hours allocated for each school subject had
formerly been rigidly prescribed, now the Ministry of Education set
only a certain minimum, and thereafter each school, within certain
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limits, was free either to increase it or to leave it at the minimum level.
In the higher grades (10–11), a minimum of three hours was allocated
for mathematics, and although, as already noted, some schools made
use of their new freedom to increase the number of hours devoted
to mathematics to eight or even ten, some schools also decided to
give their students exactly three hours per week. These schools usually
called themselves “humanities-oriented schools,” and indeed the hours
saved at the expense of mathematics (because the total number of
hours was also fixed) were usually allocated for subjects that could
be characterized as humanities.
Bearing in mind that students entered colleges by taking compet-
itive entrance exams administered by each college individually, it is
easy to understand that humanities-oriented students were sufficiently
often defined (in practical terms, naturally, and not in rhetorical terms,
for which much more elevated formulations were the norm) as ones
who did not need to take entrance exams in mathematics. It is clear,
however, that the group of students who did not take entrance exams
in mathematics was very heterogeneous: it included both those who,
for example, planned to enter the history department of a university
and those who did not plan to obtain a higher education at all.
It must be pointed out that the Russian (Soviet) course in math-
ematics was indeed traditionally oriented toward preparing future
engineers. The country offered all students the same course, which
was, to a very great degree, aimed at the formation of firm skills in
carrying out computations and technical transformations. Although
the developmental role of mathematics — its role in teaching students
how to reason, prove, and justify their conclusions — was always
emphasized, it was still difficult to understand why exactly the ability to
transform, say, trigonometric sums into products should occupy such
a prominent place in the mental development of, say, a future singer.
Furthermore, while by the time mathematics schools were created
very substantial experience in working with strong students (and
particularly in working with mathematics circles) had already been
accumulated on which educators could rely, nothing of the kind
existed for working with those who did not plan to study mathematics.
These students were taught in the same way as everyone else, except
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