5.4
On Textbooks for Schools with an Advanced
Course of Study in Mathematics
Highly selective schools can hardly expect to rely on textbooks
published on a mass scale — the users of such textbooks would simply
be too few in number. Up to a certain moment, schools with an
March 9, 2011
15:3
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch07
Schools with an Advanced Course in Mathematics and Humanities
301
advanced course of study in mathematics made do with their own
handwritten materials (recall that even simple photocopying was very
complicated in the Soviet Union). Along with materials that were
dictated, copied by hand, or in exceptional cases photocopied, schools
relied on college textbooks and problem books as well as handbooks
for extracurricular work. The problem books and handbooks writ-
ten at that time were sometimes published later, although not as
texts for specialized schools (Bashmakov et al., 2004; Sivashinsky,
1971), but as books and problem books for those interested in
mathematics.
Special textbooks started appearing later, when the number of
specialized schools increased. They included the textbooks of Vilenkin
et al. (1972) and Vilenkin and Shvartsburd (1973). The latter, for
example, was published in a comparatively large edition of 100,000
copies (textbooks for ordinary schools, however, were reissued every
year in substantially greater numbers). Vilenkin and Shvartsburd
(1973) included such chapters as:
• Real numbers
• Numerical sequences and limits
• Functions
• Derivatives
• Trigonometric functions
• Power, exponential, and logarithmic functions
• Elementary functions; transcendental equations and inequalities
• Integrals
• Series
In other words, the textbook included chapters from ordinary text-
books plus several special chapters.
It is difficult for us to judge how extensively these textbooks were
used. We can be certain that for some schools these textbooks turned
out to be too difficult and theoretical — for example, series were
not taught in all schools, nor did students everywhere have such
a sound grasp of, for example, the construction of the set of real
numbers. For some schools, these textbooks were, on the contrary, not
sufficiently proof-laden and deep. In addition, many schools adhered
to the principle that teachers had to develop the theoretical part of
March 9, 2011
15:3
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch07
302
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
the course on their own (naturally, relying on existing manuals), while
problems would be gathered from different sources, including these
textbooks.
The repeatedly reissued textbooks of Vilenkin, Ivashev-Musatov,
and Shvartsburd (1995a, 1995b), even though their authors included
the authors of the textbooks discussed above, were considerably
different. In the first place, they were thinner: many topics and many
assertions had disappeared (such as series). The textbooks came closer
to the ordinary school curriculum. For good reason, a note in the first
of them explicitly stated:
The present volume is intended for a more thorough study of the
10th-grade course in mathematics in secondary schools, both for
independent use and for use in classes at schools with a theoretically
and practically advanced course in mathematics and its applications.
(Vilenkin et al., 1995a, p. 2)
One distinctive feature of this textbook was that it first discussed
the limit of a function as the variable goes to infinity; then, as a special
case, the limit of a sequence; and only then the limit of a function at a
point.
Let us also mention the recently published textbook by Pratusevich,
Stolbov, and Golovin (2009), written by teachers from St. Petersburg,
including teachers from one of the oldest and most famous schools in
the country — St. Petersburg’s school No. 239. Its authors, however,
describe its intended audience as follows:
The textbook is intended for classes with an advanced level of
mathematics education, in which no fewer than four hours per week
are allocated for the study of algebra and elementary calculus. (p. 2)
In some mathematics schools, it should be noted, a substantially
greater amount of time is allocated for the study of these subjects
(for example, 6–7 hours). The textbook’s authors explain that “certain
sections have been deliberately left out (for example, the construction
of a rigorous theory of real numbers), which mainly ‘set the requisite
rigorous tone’ for the course in mathematics, but introduce no
new tools for solving problems” (p. 408). The 10th-grade textbook
contains the following chapters: Introduction (devoted to elementary
March 9, 2011
15:3
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch07
Schools with an Advanced Course in Mathematics and Humanities
303
logic and set theory); Integers (this chapter deals with congruences,
prime numbers, and so on); Polynomials; Functions: Basic Concepts;
Roots, Powers, Logarithms (notably, the authors confine their explana-
tion of how one should understand irrational exponents by discussing
an example, without offering a general definition); Trigonometry; and
the Limit of a Sequence.
With regard to geometry textbooks, the first that must be men-
tioned is the textbook by Alexandrov, Werner, and Ryzhik (2006a,
2006b) for the upper grades of schools with an advanced course of
study in mathematics, which was written in the early 1980s and has
remained in use to this day. This textbook includes such chapters
as “Transformations” or “Modern Geometry and the Theory of
Relativity,” while other chapters contain sections devoted to regular
and semiregular polyhedra, spherical geometry, supporting planes, and
other topics not studied in ordinary school.
Without attempting to characterize (or even mention) all of the
currently existing textbooks (including textbooks for grades 8–9,
which we are unable to discuss here, but which are published both
as special books and as supplementary chapters to ordinary textbooks),
we will just mention the relatively recently published textbook in
geometry for higher grades by Potoskuev and Zvavich (2006, 2008),
which is written from a somewhat different perspective than the
textbook of Alexandrov et al., and endows the course with additional
depth while attempting to use simple and accessible language and
approaches and, perhaps above all, using a thought-out system of
difficult problems.
Generally, it seems to us that if writing a wide-audience textbook for
classes with an advanced course of study in mathematics is an almost
unsolvable problem because such schools are now simply too varied,
then matters are easier with problem books since the teacher uses
several books in any case and their diversity only helps the teacher. In
addition to the problem books already cited, including Galitsky et al.
(1997) and Zvavich et al. (1994), let us mention such problem books
for upper grades as Galitsky, Moshkovich, and Shvartsburd (1986) or
Karp (2006). By now, however, it is almost impossible to list all of the
problem books that are currently in use.
March 9, 2011
15:3
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch07
304
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |