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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
We noted above that this curriculum on the whole conveys an idea
of the curricula of the specialized schools when they first opened.
This does not mean, however, that all the details were identical in
every case, even in those years (and later on, changes were made to
the numbers of hours and much else). Kolmogorov et al. (1981), for
example, described the content of the geometry course taught at the
Kolmogorov boarding school during the third and fourth semesters of
a four-semester (two-year) course as follows:
Third semester. Axioms of affine and projective planes and their mod-
els. Pascal’s and Brianchon’s theorems. Straightedge constructions.
The Klein model of hyperbolic geometry.
Fourth semester. Area and volume. Formulas for the volumes of the
cylinder, the cone, the sphere and its parts. Simpson’s formula.
The Guldinus theorem. The area of a surface and the length of a
curve. Oriented areas and volumes. The vector product and its uses.
Measuring angles. Transformation of space. Euclidean space. (p. 17)
It is easy to see that this version of the course was more oriented
toward university geometry than the former version, which to a very
large degree coincided with what was taught in ordinary schools. We
could give examples of cases in which topics usually studied in courses
on abstract algebra were added to the program of schools with an
advanced course of study in mathematics (Karp, 1992), and other
examples will be given below. On the other hand, some of the topics
listed above (such as linear algebra) are often not included in such
courses. In general, as already noted, today, very different kinds of
courses can lurk behind the label “advanced course,” and naturally it
is not possible for us to describe all of them. Instead, we will try to
formulate certain principles, which may be considered common to all
or almost all such courses.
In our view, this was done successfully already by Shvartsburd
(1972). He wrote:
Traditionally, the expression “advanced preparation in mathemat-
ics for students” in general educational schools has been under-
stood to mean a heightened level of knowledge about elementary
mathematics: a fluent and robust ability to carry out identity
March 9, 2011
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch07
Schools with an Advanced Course in Mathematics and Humanities
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transformations, to solve equations and typical word problems, to
compute the areas and volumes of figures…and so on. We give
the notion of “advanced preparation in mathematics” a somewhat
different pedagogical meaning. For us, it implies possessing certain
knowledge and skills that lie beyond the bounds of the mandatory
course, assimilating a number of new ideas and concepts, and grasping
traditional topics in a more scientific fashion. (p. 17)
In other words, the hallmark of an advanced preparation in math-
ematics is not simply getting a high grade on a test that is given to
everyone anyway, but knowing other topics as well, and perhaps most
importantly, knowing them in a different manner. Shvartsburd (1972)
went on to formulate the next (and, as he noted, the most important)
principle: the need to establish close connections between the content
of advanced preparation and the ordinary course in mathematics
(p. 34). He underscored the fruitfulness of an approach in which
“additional knowledge and skills are acquired by students in the context
of a unified general course in mathematics” (p. 35). Such an approach
naturally continues to stress fluency and robustness in the students’
knowledge of the elementary course, but it also implies a fundamental
enrichment of this knowledge, and not only as the result of an increase
in the quantity of what is studied, but also as the result of new ideas
introduced into the course in mathematics.
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