following the examination of a problem about instantaneous velocity.
to the latter.
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
The formulas C
= 0, (kx + l)
= k,
x
2
= 2x, and
x
3
= 3x
2
are
proven from the definition, and it is taken for granted that, for example,
h → 0 implies that
h
2
→ 0, 3xh → 0, and 3x
2
+ 3xh + h
2
→ 3x
2
(p. 227).
Somewhat later, the authors announce that limits are not a part of
the secondary school curriculum, and for this reason (our italics) certain
proofs are not given or are not carried out rigorously (p. 228). The
authors then go on to define limits anyway, in the language of “ε − δ,”
and even offer a definition of continuity, explaining that continuity
does not imply differentiability.
The textbook then examines several more examples of differentia-
tion, after which it presents (without proof or discussion) the formula
x
p
=
px
p−1
for any real exponent. To some extent, by anal-
ogy with formulas that have already been formulated, the formula
kx + b
p
=
pk
kx + b
p−1
is given. The formulas for the derivative
of a sum and for factoring out a constant are proven, but their proofs
are labeled as optional (supplementary, more difficult material). The
formulas for the derivative of a product and a quotient are not proven
at all, although tested on an example. The derivative of the composite
function is also presented without a proof.
The number e has already been introduced earlier, simply as a certain
remarkable number. Now, without any discussion, it is announced
that in courses in higher mathematics (i.e. in college), it is proven
that (e
x
)
= e
x
, after which the derivative of the exponential function
is defined in the general case. Similarly, the formula (log x)
=
1
x
is
presented in finished form, after which the derivative of the logarithmic
function with an arbitrary base is defined. For the derivative of a sine,
a sketch of a proof is given and mention is made that it is possible to
prove the equality lim
t→0
sin t
t
= 1. The other trigonometric functions are
presented simply as ready-made formulas.
It may be said that the order in which investigation of functions
or “Antiderivatives and Integrals” are studied is practically the same
as in the textbook of Kolmogorov et al. The difference, however, is
that all of the necessary formulas, such as Lagrange’s formula, are
presented with an explicit clarification that their proofs appear in the
course in higher mathematics, which — even if a geometric illustration
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Elements of Analysis in Russian Schools
221
is later given for an assertion that is made (as is the case with Lagrange’s
formula) — relegates it to the category of the optional. Note, however,
that this textbook does present one more algorithm: an algorithm for
testing functions for convexity (admittedly, in a section not required
for general study).
In general, it may be argued that this textbook’s strong point is
its development of students’ technical abilities, including the ability
to differentiate, construct various graphs, and so on. In essence, the
authors explicitly state that defining the difficult concepts of calculus is
not their concern, and that their concern is to teach students to solve
certain classes of problems that involve these concepts.
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