5
Algebra and Elementary Calculus: Functions
in Grades 10–11
The course “Algebra and Elementary Calculus” for grades 10–11
roughly corresponds, for example, to the American courses “Alge-
bra II,” “Precalculus,” and “Calculus,” but with a number of dif-
ferences. Below, we will systematically discuss the study of functions
without the use of differential calculus, following the textbooks of
Alimov et al.,
1
then touch on teaching the elements of calculus, and in
conclusion talk about certain textbooks that have appeared relatively
recently.
As has already been said, much of what used to be studied in grade
9, and then in grade 10 on a higher level, is now studied only in
grade 10. The textbook of Alimov et al. (2001) contains chapters
on “Real Numbers,” “Power Functions,” “Exponential Functions,”
“Logarithmic Functions,” “Trigonometric Formulas,” “Trigonomet-
ric Equations,” “Trigonometric Functions,” and three more chapters,
devoted to calculus. Thus, the theme of functions may be said to be
the central theme of the course for grades 10–11. At the same time, for
example, of the five sections in the chapter on “Power Functions,” three
are devoted to equations and inequalities — “Equivalent Equations
and Inequalities,” “Irrational Equations,” and “Irrational Inequalities”
(for optional study). Only two sections are devoted to functions
themselves — “Power Functions and Their Graphs” and “Functions
That Are Inverses of Each Other.”
Almost without commentary, the textbook lists the properties
of various power functions (domain, range, evenness and oddness,
increasing and decreasing), providing a “representative” graph for
each case (in discussing this topic in class, the teacher will most likely
begin precisely with a concrete graph, indicating several points and
then drawing a conclusion about the behavior of the function). The
1
In the latest editions of this textbook, its lead author has changed: the head of the
team of contributors is now Yu. M. Kolyagin. The textbooks of Kolyagin et al. (2007a,
2007b) are very similar to that of Alimov et al. (2001) in terms of their material and
presentation; therefore, here and below we will confine our discussion to the latter.
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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Elements of Analysis in Russian Schools
209
problems solved in studying this topic revolve around the properties
of various power functions, such as:
• Schematically depict the graph of the following function and
indicate its domain and range: y = x
6
, y = x
1
2
, y = x
−3
;
• Using the properties of the power function, compare 0 .2
0.3
with 1;
• Find the intervals in which the graph of the function y = x
1
−π
lies above (below) the graph of the function y = x. (Alimov et al.,
2001, pp. 44–45)
Material pertaining to the power function is used to introduce
the concept of an inverse function. The main examples here are, of
course, the functions y = x
3
and y = x
2
, x ≥ 0. The presentation
is conducted in a sufficiently “scientific” manner: the concept of an
invertible function is explicitly introduced (in essence, injectivity), and
the theorem that monotonic functions are invertible is formulated
and proven. Also proven is the theorem that the graphs of a function
and its inverse are symmetric (it is another matter that the teacher will
by no means always present this proof in class, let alone ask the students
to reproduce it).
A proper exposition of the topic “Exponential Functions” requires
the concept of a power with an arbitrary real exponent. This in turn
forces the authors to introduce the concept of a limit (which, however,
is also used elsewhere for defining and finding the sum of an infinitely
decreasing geometric progression). All of this is done in the textbook’s
first chapter, “Real Numbers.” The concept of a limit is introduced
using examples of progressive approximations of irrational numbers;
in the process, students are acquainted with the necessary notation
(lim) and some terminology. The presentation is very concise and the
students are given practically no problems involving the independent
finding of limits, so there is little reason to expect that this concept will
be grasped with any depth. In the same chapter, “Real Numbers,” the
authors of the textbook define a power with an irrational exponent a
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