t is called an independent variable and s is called a dependent variable
or function. The dependency of the variable s on the variable t is called
a functional dependency.
In this way, no explicit definition of functions is given at this stage.
The term “function” is not taken to mean dependency between two
variables: from the viewpoint of the authors of the textbook, this is
synonymous with the expression “dependent variable.” Subsequently,
three methods of defining functions are discussed: a function may
be defined by a formula, table, or graph. In connection with the
examination of the third method, the authors provide the definition
of a graph:
The graph of a function is defined as the set of all points in the
coordinate plane whose x coordinates are equal to the values of
the independent variable, and whose y coordinates are equal to the
corresponding values of the function.
The problems given in this section are aimed at developing the
following basic skills: finding the value of a function for a given value
of x, finding the values of x for which the function assumes a given
value of y, and finding several values of x for which the function is
positive (negative). The functions in the problems are defined both by
formulas and by graphs. The fact that y has a single value for any x,
while x does not have a single value for any y, is not discussed or even
mentioned.
Then, the textbook examines the linear function y = kx + b and
its graph. The fact that the graph of this function is a straight line is
accepted without proofs; the students are simply told that it can be
shown that it is a straight line (thus, at least the textbook expresses
the thought that this is something which must be shown). For linear
functions, the same typical problems that we mentioned earlier are
solved; to them is added the problem of “constructing a graph.”
Below, we reproduce review problems pertaining to this material,
which appear at the end of the section. Such problem sets (under
the heading “Test yourself!”) conclude each section in the textbooks
by Alimov et al. They enable the students themselves (as well as
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their teachers) to test how well they have learned the basic “typical”
skills:
• Given the function y = 5 x − 1 , find y(0 .2 ) and the value of x for
which the value of this function is equal to 89. Does the point
A(−11 , 54 ) belong to the graph of this function?
• Construct the graph of the following function:
y = 2 x; y = x − 2; y = 3; y = 3 − 4 x. (Alimov et al., 1991a,
p. 145)
In the next chapter, “Systems of Linear Equations,” the textbook
examines three methods for solving such systems. Two of them are
purely algebraic (substitution and algebraic addition), while the third
method is graphic and uses the concept of a linear function and its
graph. The graphic method is used not only for solving linear systems,
but also for investigating (using geometric considerations) whether sys-
tems of two linear equations have solutions. The three possible ways in
which two straight lines may be positioned with respect to one another
in the plane — they can intersect, be parallel, or coincide — correspond
to three kinds of solution sets for systems of two linear equations: one
solution, no solutions, and an infinite number of solutions.
By comparison, the textbooks of Dorofeev, Suvorova et al. (2005,
2009a) are structured somewhat differently. Graphs appear before
functions. Students are introduced to the concept of the coordinates
of a point, and subsequently they are asked to construct various sets of
points in the coordinate plane. In particular, it is brought to their notice
that certain points in the coordinate plane lie on the same straight line;
the conclusion is then drawn that the equation which the coordinates
of the points satisfy may be said to define the straight line.
The problems offered in this textbook are somewhat more geo-
metric than the problems in the textbook discussed above. But the
text is by no means always aimed at eliciting from the students the
confident demonstration of some acquired skill; more precisely, a part
of the material is given not in order to develop any skill but to acquaint
the students with the subject and broaden their horizons. Thus, for
example, as early as seventh grade, students are introduced to the graph
of the relations y = x
2
and even y = x
3
(the methodology is the same
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