|
The article expresses the specific limitation of the substantive functions.
The preposition expresses the dependencies and interdependencies of substantive referents.
The conjunction expresses the connection of phenomena.
The particle unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning.
To this series, alongside of other specifying words, should be referred verbal postpositions as functional modifiers of verbs, etc.
The traditional grammatical classes of words are called parts of speech. This name was introduced in the grammatical teaching in Ancient Greece, where the concept of the sentence was not yet explicitly identified in distinction to the general idea of speech, where no strict differentiation was drawn between the word as a vocabulary unit and the word as a functional element of the sentence.
Apart of speech is a class of words which is characterized by certain typical features which are typical of all the elements which constitute this class (or words or lexical units). The problem of parts of speech has been a problem for centuries. The number of parts of speech which specialists distinguish varies from 4 to 13-14 or even 15. It’s not an easy thing to describe, to give a full adequate definition of a part of speech. A word as belonging to a part of speech should be characterized from at least two different points/aspects. First of all every word even a function word is a unit in itself as such F has a certain phonetic structure, a certain lexical meaning or a certain word building structure. At the same time we don’t speak in words we speak in utterances, in sentences, therefore a word should be regarded as a member of larger unit. If we consider a word as a unit in itself we consider some properties which characterize the word as such: its lexical and morphological properties; and if we consider the word as a member of a larger unit we should consider its syntactic characteristics-
There are different approaches in describing and classifying the parts of speech.
So the traditional approach to the problem of parts of speech takes into account three main criteria which describe a certain word both as a lexical unit and as a unit of a higher level that is meaning, form, function (in the sentence).
The semantic criterion presupposes the evaluation of the generalized meaning, which is characteristic of all the subsets of words constituting a given part of speech. This meaning is understood as the categorical meaning of the part of speech.
The formal considers the specific in flexional and derivational features of all the lexemic subsets of a part of speech. The functional criterion concerns the syntactic role of words in the sentence typical of a part of speech. In accord with the three criteria words on the upper level of classification are divided into notional and functional, or changeable and unchangeable. The features of the noun: the categorical meaning of substance, the changeable forms of number and case, the specific suffixed forms of derivation, the substantive functions in the sentence, prepositional connections, modification by an adjective. The features of the adjective: the categorical meaning of property, the forms of degrees of comparison, the specific suffixed forms of derivation, adjectival functions in the sentence. The features of the numeral: the categorical meaning of number (cardinal and ordinal), the narrow set of simple numerals, the specific forms of composition for compound numerals, the specific suffixed forms of derivation for ordinal numerals, the functions of numerical substantive. The features of the pronoun: the categorical meaning of indication, the narrow sets of various status with the corresponding formal properties of categorical changeability and word-building, the substantial and adjectival functions for different sets. The features of the verb: the categorical meaning of process - finite and non-finite, the forms of verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood, the opposition of the finite and non-finite forms, the function of the finite predicate for the finite verb, the mixed verbal - other than verbal functions for the non-finite verb. The features of the adverb: the categorical meaning of the secondary property, the forms of the degree of comparison for qualitative adverbs, the specific suffixed forms of derivation, the functions of various adverbial modifiers. To the functional parts of speech in English belong the article, the preposition, the conjunction, the particle, the modal word, the interjection. The article expresses the specific limitation of the substantive functions. The preposition expresses the dependences and interdependences of substantive referent. The conjunction expresses connections of phenomena. The particle unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning. The modal word expresses the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts. The interjection occupying a detached position in the sentence is a signal of emotions.
The article is a word which constitutes the class of its own. other grammarians claim that Article is included in other classes since it is a structural marker of the word / noun and marks its definiteness / indefiniteness as a grammatical meaning. So it seems advisable to consider the Article the morpheme of the category of definiteness / in definiteness. It is a very important text building element. When we introduce a new notion we use the indefinite or the zero Article - introductory function. The definite Article presents a notion as known or it refer to the previous text - the anaphoric function. We should distinguish between the traditional article and the semantic. Tire traditional article does together with some names or with the phraseological units. Here we don’t have to think of the article, it’s a historically and traditionally set phrase, By the semantic article we mean the article which carries a certain meaning: grammatical, communicative and stylistic.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
