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Learning strategies are defined as “specific actions, behaviors, steps, or techniques -
such as seeking out conversation partners, or giving oneself encouragement to
tackle a difficult language task -- used by students to enhance their own learning”
(Scarcella & Oxford, 1992, p. 63). When the learner consciously chooses strategies
that fit his or her learning style and the L2 task at hand, these strategies become a
useful toolkit for active, conscious, and purposeful self-regulation of learning.
O’Malley and Chamot (1990:43) went beyond the previous definitions to give a
more focused definition. They defined Learning strategies as “techniques and
devices used by second language learners for remembering and organizing samples
of the second language. One of the ways learners become actively involved in
controlling their own learning is by using strategies. Strategies are the thoughts and
behaviors that learners use to help them comprehend, learn, or retain
information”. For O’Malley and Chamot (1990) learning strategies may include
focusing on selected aspects of new information, analyzing and monitoring
information during acquisition, and organizing or elaborating on new information
When we evaluate teaching and learning process, it becomes important to make
explicit the
criteria used in our judgments, and to be principled in our evaluations.
well-prepared and ad-hoc evaluations are likely to be unreliable, unfair, and
uninformative. They are not a suitable source on which to base educational decisions.
Making decisions about a teacher at work in the classroom will involve a different set
of evaluation criteria from those needed to evaluate a set of learning tasks, any
evaluation of teacher performance will also be structured differently from an analysis
of learner performance. In many ways this is not so different from the judgments we
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make
on other matters, which also involve different criteria at different times for
different purposes.
Tutors are constant in a responsible positon in front of learners. Furthermore they
should know how to improve pupils knowledge and their worldview. Teacher should
organize lessons with visual and kinesthetic games, motivation cards, and interesting
movies and facts. Also teacher pay attention to evaluate pupils during lesson to
multiply their aspirations. Evaluation has a different
overall focus and several
different purposes from student assessment. While evaluation may be seen as a
‘means’ analysis (it is intended to serve the learning process), student assessment has
a much more limited perspective with a focus on the ‘ends’ of learning in terms of
what the learner has achieved at particular points.
1.
I.A.Karimov “There is future without history”. Tashkent 1997 p 47.
2.
I.A.Karimov “Harmoniously developed generation
is basic of progress of
Uzbekistan” 1998.
3.
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