Ekvivalentlik munosabati
[u7! Ref leksiv, simmetrii, va t ranzit iv m unosabat lar.
Ekvivalentlik sinfi.
1-taʼrif.
Аgar X tuplamning istalgan x elementi
uchun x r x bulsa, u xolda r munosabati X tuplamdagi reflek
siv munosabat deb ataladi; agar x r u dan u rx kelib chitssa,
u xolda r simmetrii munosabat deb ataladi; agar x r u va
u p z dan x p z kelib chin;sa, u xolda r tranzitiv munosabat
deb ataladi.
Sh u k u r s at i l ga n u ch al a x o ssaga e ga b u lgan m u n o sa b a t l a r
m atem atikada k u p u ch r agan i uchun u larga maxsus n o m kuy i lgan .
2-taʼrif . Аgar biror tuplamdagi munosabat refleksiv,
simmetrik va tranzitiv xossalarga ega bulsa, u xolda bunday
munosabat shu tuplamdagi ekvivalentlik munosabati deyiladi
А gar r m u n o s a b a t i X tu p l am d agi e k v i v a l ye n t l i k m u n o s a
bati bulsa, u \o l d a Dp = X.
M i s o l l a r . K u y i d a g i x ar b i r m u n o s a b a t m a ʼ l u m
tu p l am d agi e k v i v a l ye n t l i k m u n o s a b a t i ga m i so l bula o l ad i :
1. I s t a l ga n tu p l am d agi t ye n g l i k m u n o sab ati .
2. Ye v k l i d t ye k i s l i g i n i n g x am m a u ch b u r ch ak l a r t u p l a m i -
d agi u x sh a sh l i k m u n o sa b ati .
3. Butun so n l a r tu p l am i d agi m odulь b uy i ch a t a k k o s l a m a
m u n o sab ati .
4. M a m l a k at d a ya sh o v ch i o d a m l a r tu p l am i d a gi «b i r u y d a
ya sh o vch i l a r » m u n o sa b a t i .
E k v i v a l ye n t l i k m u n o sa b ati u sh b u as o s i y x u su si yatga ega:
u t u p l a m n i k ye s i sh m a y d i g a n k i ye m t u p l a m l a r g a b u l a d i .
K ye y i n gi m i s o l , m asa l an , «bir u y da yash o vch i l ar » m u n o sa b a t i
m a m l a k a t n i b i r - b i r i b i l a n k ye s i sh m a y d i g a n « b i r u y d a
ya sh o vch i l a r » d i s m t u p l a m l a r i ga buladi . Bu a y t i l ga n l a r n i
K uyi dagi cha u m u m l a sh t i r i sh m u m k i n .
r b i r o r X tu p l am d agi e k v i v a l ye n t l i k m u n o sab a ti b u l si n .
А gar X t u p l a m n i n g А k i ye m t u p l a m i n i n g sh u n d a y x e l ye
m ye n t i t o p i l i b , А = {u/xru} b u lsa, u xolda А k i ye m tu p l am
ekvivalentlik sinfi yok i ekvivalentlik r - sinfi d yeb atal ad i .
Sh u n d ay k i l i b , X t u p l a m n i n g sh u n d ay e l ye m ye n t i m avj u d
b u l s ak i , А = r[{x}] t ye n g l i k b a j a r i l s a , u v ak gd a А t u p l am
e k v i v a l ye n t l i k s i n f i b uladi .
А gard a r m u n o sa b a t tu gr i si d a xech k a n d a y a n g l a sh i l m o v -
ch i l i k tu t i l m a y d i ga n b ulsa, u v a k gd a X tu p l am [x] sh a k l i d a
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