Raising the Bar: Impacts and Implementation of the New Heights Program for Expectant and Parenting Teens in Washington, dc



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New Heights Final Report

Accounting for clustering 
We conducted seven sensitivity analyses involving alternative approaches to accounting for 
clustering. Three of the approaches used the Huber-White approach but with a different level of 
clustering (school, semester, or school-by-semester). The other four approaches estimated a 
mixed-effects model with random intercepts at different levels of clustering (student, school, 
semester, or school-by-semester). For models that included semester or school-by-semester 
random intercepts, we estimated the following modified version of equation (1):
(3) 
1
2
3
ist
ist
t
t ist
ist
ist
P
Post
Post P
y
X
α γ
γ
γ
β ξ
= +
+
+
+
+

Where 
t
Post
is an indicator variable equal to one if 
t
is equal to or greater than the semester of 
New Heights expansion, and all other variables are as defined above. In this model, the 
coefficient of interest is 
3
γ
, which is the difference-in-difference estimate.
C.6 


APPENDIX C: ANALYTIC METHODS OF IMPACT ANALYSIS AND RESULTS FROM ALTERNATIVE MODELS
 
Findings from these analyses are reported in Table C.2. We see that the impact on 
unexcused absences remains significant in five of the seven alternative approaches to accounting 
for clustering; the impact on excused absences remains significant in three of seven; the impact 
on days attended remains significant for four of seven; the impact on credits is significant for all 
seven analyses; and the impact on the semester graduation rate is significant at the 5 percent 
level in one of seven, and is marginally significant in an additional two specifications.

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