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Lesson 1. Theme: Listening special text. Text: From the history of railways. Grammar: Forms of the verb. Tenses in Active and Passive Voice. Work with new special terms from professional dictionary. Doing exercises.
Tayanch so`zlar
New words and expressions.
1. rail [ reil ] n рельс; railway (англ.) п железная дорога; syn. railroad (амер.)
2. means [ mi:nz ] n средство, способ; by means of посредством, с помощью
3. travel [ 'trжvl ] n поездка, движение; v двигаться, ехать, путешествовать; traveller [ 'trжvələ ] n пассажир
4. freight [ freit ] n груз(ы)
5. important [ im'po:tənt ] а важный, значительный
6. play a part [ 'plei ə 'pa:t ] играть роль
7. develop [ di'veləp ] v развивать(ся); разрабатывать, создавать; development [ di'veləpmənt ]n развитие; достижение; разработка
8. depend (on, upon) [ di'pend ] v зависеть (от)
9. fast [ fa:st ] а скорый, быстрый; fast train скорый поезд; ant. slow [ slou ]
10. safe [ seif ] а безопасный, надежный
11. (the) very [ 'veri ] а самый
12. operate [ 'opəreit] v управлять, приводить в действие; работать; put into operation ввести в действие (в эксплуатацию)
13. call [ ko:l ] v звать, называть
14. success [ sək'ses ] n успех, удача; be a success иметь успех, удаваться; successful а успешный, удачный
FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS
(1) We usually think of railways as a means of travel. It is true that railways are often" used for travel but their most important function is to carry freight
(2) Railways play a very important' part in the national economy of a country, because the economic and political development of a country depends оn a wide network of transportation systems. Although we have now faster and more modern means of communication and transport, railways are still the safest and the most popular means of transportation.
(3) The early railways were not like the railways we have today. The very first railways used* horses for drawing trains and were put into operation for transporting such products as coa^, ore and timber.. Later on, the horse railways were used 'as passenger transport in large cities. But these, railways did not last long.
(4) One of the first attempts to use the steam engine to draw passenger and freight trains was made in 1808 by Richard Trevithick,* an Englishman, who -demonstrated his working model in London. This locomotive was looked at with great interest when' it ran on a circular track of iron 'jails./For a shilling the public could travel in a carriage ' drawn by the steam engine. The locomotive was called "Catch-me-who-can", and people could really catch it because it developed only 12mph.2 But one day a rail broke and the locomotive overturned, ending Trevithick's career as an inventor.
(5) In 1829, George Stephenson,3 an English inventor and engineer, built a successful steam locomotive which he called the "Rocket". This locomotive was much smaller and lighter than the .steam locos4 developed later on, and it was much slower.' However, it could draw a smaj.1 train of loaded cars on the railway and developed an unheard-of speed of 13 mph (21kph). The invention of the steam locomotives made the railway the most important of all means of transportation.
GLOSSARY
rail [reil] n релсь; railway (англ.) n железная дорога; syn . railroad (амер.)
means [mi:nz] n средсто, способ; by means of посредствлм, с помошью
travel [‘traevl] n поездка, движение; v двигаться, ехать, путешествовать; traveller [‘traevele] n пассажир
freight [freit] n груз(ы)
important [im’po:tənt] a важный, значительный
play a part [‘pler ə ‘pa:t] играть роль
develop [di´veləp] v развиватся(ся); разрабатывать, создавать; devolopment [di´velepment] n развитие; достижение; разработка
depend (on, upon) [di´pend] v зависеть (от)
fast [fa:st] a скорый, быстрый; fast train скорый поезд; ant. Slow [slou]
safe [seif] a безопасный, надежный
(the) very [´veri] a самый
operate [´opəreit] v управлять, приводить в действие; работать; put into operation ввести в действие (в эксплуатацию)
call [ko:l] v звать, называть
succes [sək´ses] n успех, удача; be a succes иметь успех, удаваться; succesful a успешный, удачный
light [lait] a легкие
QUESTIONS
1. Are railways used to carry people? 2. Is the railway a means of freight transportation? 3. Do railways play an important part in the development of a country? 4. Does the development of a country depend on transport? 5. Have people faster means of communication than railways?
6. Were the very first railways built to carry people?
7. Did Trevithick's locomotive break down? 8. Was Stephenson's locomotive an experimental machine? 9. Did Stephenson construct only the first steam locomotive? 10. Did the first steam railway appear in England in the 20th century?
11. Was the Cherepanovs' invention of great importance to our country? 12. Shall we run more powerful locomotives in the future? 13. Will more comfortable cars be put into service? 14. Will electronic computers be widely introduced on the railways? 15. Is transportation of passengers or freight the most important function of railways?
16. Are railways or airplanes the safest means of travel? 17. Did the very first railways use horses or steam for drawing trains? 18. Did Trevithick or Stephenson construct a practical locomotive? 19. Could Stephenson's or Trevithick's locomotive develop a higher speed? 20. Is Stephenson more famous as the builder of the first steam railways or as the inventor of the first steam locomotive? 21. Did Stephenson's railways use horses or steam as tractive power? 22. Were the first steam railways in Russia put into service for travelling or for transporting freight?
Fill in T-scheme
F ill in the cluster.
  
  
 
NAZORAT SAVOLLARI
1. Are railways used to carry people?
2. Is the railway a means of freight transportation?
3. Do railways play an important part in the development of a country?
4. Does the development of a country depend on transport?
5. Have people faster means of communication than railways?
6. Were the very first railways built to carry people?
7. Did Trevithick's locomotive break down?
8. Was Stephenson's locomotive an experimental machine?
9. Did Stephenson construct only the first steam locomotive?
10. Did the first steam railway appear in England in the 20th century?
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