Radically modern writing in the novel of james joyce content Introduction

Chapter I. Modernism in the art of the twentieth century
1.1. The life and work of James Joyce.
The 20th century in art begins with the manifestos of avant-garde artists of various trends, groups, and schools. They declared that they were abandoning tradition, the classical artistic experience, which was in crisis. Avant-garde art sought to discover new means of expression, to establish a new truth, perhaps incomprehensible, strange to the crowd of the townsfolk, but clear to the artist. This direction in the art of the XX century. It is customary to designate the term "modernism" - the general name for the directions of art and literature of the late XIX - early XX centuries. In a broad sense, it covers cubism, dadaism, surrealism, futurism, expressionism, abstract art, functionalism, etc., that is, all avant-garde movements that have opposed traditionalism as the only true "modern art". Modernist trends in Western art (expressionism, cubism, futurism, etc.) offered new experimental techniques. All forms of modernism yearned to rid themselves of the influence of the past.
Modernist writers especially accurately reflected the crisis phenomena in the life of their contemporary society, conveying the feeling of a person’s powerlessness in the face of a frighteningly absurd world, expressing the feeling of anguish of an artist doomed to loneliness, who opens up “an abyss invisible to others” (V. N. Lossky). The artistic world of modernism is dominated by gloomy colors of premonition of the end, the expectation of imminent death, even the will to die.
The picture of the doom of the world in modernist works is complemented by images of future renewal, a joyful meeting with a new era of human brotherhood, harmony, truth and beauty. It is no coincidence that many modernists welcomed the revolutionary events in Russia and other countries, called for a cleansing "storm of insurrection" capable of destroying the "well-fed world" of the bourgeois.[1]
Myth as a special state of consciousness has become one of the most important cultural categories of the 20th century. From the point of view of the greatest philosopher of culture of the XX century. M. Eliade, modern man emerges from the inhuman rhythm of his own existence through "mythological" scenarios of behavior (theater and reading). Eliade formulated the thesis that a myth is a prototype, a model of any human rituals and activities. Mythological consciousness, according to his theory, is experiencing a renaissance in philosophy and art of the 20th century, in the production of modern media.
The literary text in its structure begins to resemble a myth, the characteristic features of which are cyclic time, the game at the junction between illusion and reality, the assimilation of the language to the mythological parent language with its “meaningful tongue-tied language.”[2] In literary criticism, modernism is often associated with the peculiarities of the new artistic language and the creation of which is wholly attributed to them; "point of view", "stream of consciousness", complicated by metaphor, allegory, etc. During these years, "Ulysses" was created - the "Gospel" not only of English, but of all Western European and American modernism.[3]
The Irish writer James Joyce, indeed, greatly influenced world culture. He remains one of the most widely read English-language prose writers today. In 1999, Time magazine included the writer in the list of "100 heroes and idols of the 20th century", saying that Joyce brought about a whole revolution. Ulysses has been called "the demonstration and summing up of the whole modern movement [modernism].
The text of "Ulysses" contains many secrets and riddles, but Joyce preferred to leave them unanswered. Researchers using various methods are trying to unravel all the dark places of Ulysses, however, there are still a lot of them. As E. Genieva writes, “Joyce dreamed of an ideal reader who would devote his whole life to reading, studying, deciphering Ulysses. Not without irony and even some gloating, he said that he had saturated his text with so many riddles that scientists, commentators, critics, and literary scholars would struggle to solve them until the end of their days.[4]
James Joyce (1882-1941) is one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. Joyce was born in Ireland, but spent most of his life in voluntary exile away from his native country, the customs and laws of which he could not accept. Nevertheless, Ireland and Dublin are the theme and scene of almost all of the writer's books.
Exile is one of the most important themes in Joyce's work. Joyce left Ireland in 1904 with his companion Nora Barnacle and returned to his homeland only a few times on business thereafter. Joyce spent his whole life with Nora, although the official marriage between them was registered only in 1931, they had two children - Giorgio and Lucia. Unfortunately, Lucia fell ill with schizophrenia, and after several bouts of aggression, Joyce had to send her to a clinic. Joyce took Lucia's illness as a punishment for his Ulysses.
Joyce received a Catholic Jesuit education, and could well have become a priest, but instead, after graduating from college, Joyce breaks with Catholicism. However, Joyce continued to constantly think about faith, Catholicism, Catholic dogmas, which was reflected in his works.
Joyce was very passionate about having his writings published and read by as many people as possible. However, there were constant problems with the publication of his works due to censorship. Thus, the collection of short stories "Dubliners" was rejected by 40 publishers, and once the printed edition was burned. Publication was also refused several times for A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man until the book was released in the US, but Ulysses, which was banned in the US until 1933, in England until 1936, and in Ireland The book only appeared in the 1960s.
If the book came out, Joyce preferred to receive it exactly by his birthday - February 2.
As for the attitude towards Joyce in Ireland, even after the death of the writer, it remained negative for a long time. Radical changes took place only in 1982, when the 100th anniversary of the writer's birth was celebrated all over the world.
Joyce's book "Ulysses" brought him worldwide fame, causing the most controversial responses, and turned the idea of literature upside down. Too much in Ulysses remained incomprehensible. However, Joyce preferred to leave questions unanswered. Jokingly, he said: "I have come up with so many riddles and puzzles that it will take centuries for scientists to figure out what I mean, and this is the only way to ensure immortality."
Having finished work on Ulysses, Joyce began a new big work - Finnegans Wake, the final title of which he kept secret until the book was published. Joyce spent 17 years on this work, which appears in parts in print under the title "Work in progress" ("Thing in the work"). Finnegans Wake was so difficult to read that some thought that Joyce was either out of his mind, or completely blind (Joyce's eyesight was deteriorating from year to year) and slipped nonsense to the publisher, or just joked with everyone.
After the Finnegans Wake language experiments, Joyce was going to write something very simple and short. Two years after the release of Finnegans Wake, Joyce died suddenly in Zurich, where he was buried. But just as during the writer's lifetime, today readers and scholars are trying to unravel Joyce's mysteries.[5]