Part 2 - Economic Performance 2017 - 2020
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Box 2-7: Towards Replacing the LIBOR Benchmark for Interest Rates
The London Interbank Offered Rate - known as LIBOR – has been used over the past four decades as a
major benchmark for setting interest rates charged on adjustable-rate loans and a variety of mortgages. It is
calculated in five currencies: UK Pound Sterling, the Swiss Franc, the Euro, Japanese Yen, and the U.S.
Dollar. While it was first established in the late 1960s, it has been in official use since 1986.
It is widely used
as a benchmark and it is estimated that residential mortgage and consumer loans based on LIBOR reached
US$ 1.2 trillion in 2018 and US$1.3 trillion in 2019, respectively. However, LIBOR will be discontinued by
December 31, 2021.
The idea is that 18 international banks submit their assumptions about the rates they think they would pay if
they had to borrow money from another bank in the London interbank lending market.
To help protect against
extreme highs or lows that could trigger a LIBOR price skew, the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) Benchmark
Administration removes the four highest submissions and the four lowest submissions before averaging the
remaining ten.
Since 2008, a number of relevant agencies around the world have been calling for the dismantling of LIBOR,
including ICE, arguing that this standard was misused causing the 2008 financial crisis, in particular the abuse
of credit default swaps (CDS).
Additionally, in 2012, extensive investigations into the way LIBOR was structured revealed a large-scale and
long-running scheme among several
banks including Barclays,
Deutsche Bank, Rabobank,
UBS and the
Royal Bank of Scotland, to manipulate LIBOR rates for profit.
But the most important argument behind invalidating LIBOR is what ICE points out in its assessment about
the issue, which is that banks do not do business the same way, and as a result, LIBOR rates are becoming
a less reliable standard due to the new banking techniques. This is why ICE is not interested to continue to
guarantee LIBOR after the end of 2021.
The world's major economies are now moving away from using LIBOR, using a so-called LIBOR transition,
with two interest rate
alternatives to replace LIBOR, called “risk-free references” (“RFRs”), as Table 1
indicates. These alternatives are focused on the following: "In the UK, the Sterling Risk-Free Reference Rate
Working Group (the “Working Group”) has recommended the use of the Sterling Overnight Indexed Average
(SONIA) and in the US the Alternative Reference Rate Committee (ARRC) has recommended the use of the
Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) as RFRs to replace sterling and US dollar LIBOR respectively.
Swiss Average Overnight (SARON) for Swiss Francs, Tokyo Overnight Average Rate (TONAR) for Yen and
the Euro short term rate (€STR) for Euros.
In this briefing, we will focus on SONIA and SOFR.”
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