Qarshi davlat universiteti ingliz filologiyasi fakultetlararo ingliz tili

Singular
plural
Coat	coats
Dog	dogs
House	houses
Road	roads
Ship	ships

….and many more.
Nouns ending in -ch, -sh, -s (or “s” sound), -x or -z:
We add –es:

Singular	plural
Box	boxes
Bus	buses
Buzz	buzzes
Church	churches
Dish	dishes

Nouns ending in -y
For nouns ending in -y, the plural form depends on the letter before the “y”
Nouns ending in a VOWEL + y
(Vowels are the letters a, e, i, o, u)
Add –s

Singular	plural
Boy	boys
Day	days
Key	keys

Nouns ending in a CONSONANT + y
(Consonants are all the letters of the alphabet apart from the vowels: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z)
Change the y to i and add –es

Singular	plural
Baby	babies
City	cities
Ferry	ferries
Lady	ladies

Nouns ending in -f or -fe
Replace the -f or -fe with –ves for these nouns:

Singular	plural
Calf	calves
Elf	elves
Half	halves
Knife	knives
Leaf	leaves
Life	lives
Loaf	loaves
Self	selves
Shelf	shelves
Thief	thieves
Wife	wives
Wolf	wolves

For most other nouns ending in -f or -fe, just add –s:

Singular	plural
Giraffe	giraffes
Roof	roofs

and many more…
Nouns ending in -o
For nouns ending in -o, the plural form depends on the letter before the “o”
Nouns ending in a VOWEL + o
Add –s

Singular	plural
Radio	radios
Zoo	zoos

Irregular nouns ending in a CONSONANT + o
For these irregular nouns, we add –es:

singular	Plural
buffalo	buffaloes (or buffalo)
domino	Dominoes
echo	Echoes
embargo	embargoes
hero	Heroes
mosquito	mosquitoes
potato	Potatoes
tomato	Tomatoes
torpedo	Torpedoes
veto	Vetoes

Example: Here are some potatoes.
Regular nouns ending in a CONSONANT + o
All the other nouns ending in a CONSONANT + o are considered regular.
We add –s:

Singular	plural
Casino	casinos
Photo	photos
Solo	solos

and many more.
There are a few nouns ending in a CONSONANT + o which have 2 possible plural forms:
We add –s or –es

singular	Plural
tornado	tornados or tornadoes
volcano	volcanos or volcanoes

English nouns from foreign languages
There are many English words that originate from other foreign languages. These are called “borrowed words” because we borrow them!
Latin nouns ending in –us. Replace the -us with –i

Singular	plural
Cactus	cacti
Fungus	fungi
Nucleus	nuclei
Radius	radii

Certain nouns ending in -is
Replace the -is with –es

Singular	plural
analysis (Greek)	analyses
axis (Latin)	axes
crisis (Greek)	crises
diagnosis (Greek)	diagnoses
hypothesis (Greek)	hypotheses
thesis (Greek)	theses

Certain nouns ending in -ix or -ex
Replace the –ix or -ex with -ices

Singular	plural
appendix (Latin)	appendices
index (Latin)	indices
matrix (Latin)	matrices
vertex (Latin)	vertices

Irregular nouns
Some English nouns are completely irregular and do not follow any of the above rules at all. You have no choice but to learn them by heart:
Irregular nouns with different irregular plurals

Singular	plural
Child	children
Foot	feet
Goose	geese
Man	men
Mouse	mice
Ox	oxen
Person	people
Tooth	teeth
Woman	women

Irregular nouns with the same plurals
Some nouns are the same in the singular and plural:

Singular	Plural
Aircraft	aircraft
Buffalo	buffalo (or buffaloes)
Deer	Deer
Fish	Fish
Hovercraft	hovercraft
Moose	Moose
Sheep	Sheep
Spacecraft	spacecraft

Activity 3. Type in the nouns in the plural form.

1. 
   My little brother got lots of new (toy)  for his birthday.
   
2. 
   I heard that Indonesia has lots of beautiful (beach)  .
   
3. 
   I am going to make two (cup)  of tea, one for you and one for me.
   
4. 
   Larry’s father has two mobile (phone)  .
   
5. 
   Larry’s father also has three different (watch)  .
   

Activity 4. .Decide if the sentences are correct or incorrect.

1. 
   There are some chairs and tables in the kitchen.
   
   • 
     correct
     
   • 
     incorrect
     
2. 
   We need some new furnitures for our kitchen.
   
   • 
     Correct incorrect
     
3. 
   Two breads, please.
   
   • 
     Correct incorrect
     
4. 
   That’s an important information.
   
   • 
     Correct incorrect
     
5. 
   He saw three rare birds on his last birdwatching trip.
   
   • 
     Correct incorrect
     
6. 
   I saw a lot of bird migrating south.
   
   • 
     correct
     
   • 
     incorrect
     

LESSON 2. READING: MY LOVELY FAMILY. GRAMMAR: TO HAVE, TO BE.
MY LOVELY FAMILY
Our family is neither big nor small. I have a mother, a father and a sister. We live together in a flat in one of the industrial districts of Kharkiv. We are an average family.
My father Ihor Ivanovych is 45 years old. He is a tall and well-built man with short black hair and grey eyes. He works as a manager at a big plant. He likes his work and spends most of his time there. By character my father is a quiet man, while my mother is energetic and talkative.
My mother’s name is Olha Petrivna. She is a teacher of music and plays the piano well. My mother always has a lot of work to do about the house and at school. She is a busy woman and we all help her.
My sister’s name is Alla. Like our mother Alla has blue eyes and fair hair. She is a very good-looking girl. Alla is three years younger than me. She is a pupil of the 8th form. She does well at school and gets only good and excellent marks. Literature is her favourite subject and she wants to become a teacher, as well as I do.
Our family is very united. We like to spend time together. In the evenings we watch TV, read books and newspapers, listen to music or just talk about the events of the day. Our parents don’t always agree with what we say, but they listen to our opinion.
All of us like to spend our weekends in the country. We often go to the village where our grandparents live. They are aged pensioners now, but prefer to live in the country. My grand-grandmother is still alive. She lives in my grandmother’s family and is always glad to see us. Her health is poor and she asks us to come and see her more often. I also have many other relatives: uncles, aunts, cousins. We are happy when we are together.







THE USE OF BE
Bo’lmoq fe’lining ishlatilishi.


Be – bo’lmoq fe’li holat fe’li (stative verb) bo’lib, u hech qachon ish-harakat bajarilishini ko’rsatmaydi. Shunga ko’ra, be-bo’lmoq fe’lidan keyin asosan harakat bajarilishini ko’rsatmaydigan so’z turkumlari, masalan, noun-ot, adjective-sifat, pronoun-olmosh, preposition-predlog, numeral-son, adverb-ravishlar ishlatiladi. Be – bo’lmoq fe’li yordamchi fe’l (auxiliary verb) bo’lib kelganda gapda bo’lishsiz va so’roq shakllarni ham o’zi yasaydi.
USE: Be-bo’lmoq fe’li quyidagi holatlarda ishlatiladi:
• People and things (kishilar va narsalarga nisbatan ishlatilib, ularning kim yoki nima ekanligini, belgi-xususiyatini ko’rsatadi):
This is Karen Brady. Bu Keren Breidi.
Sarah is very attractive. Sarah juda latofatli.
This is a dictionary. Bu – lug’at.
• Current states (ayni vaqtdagi holatni, ahvolni ko’rsatadi):
It is hot in the room. Xona issiq.
She is married. U turmushga chiqqan.
• Qualities (belgi-xususiyatni ko’rsatadi):
My car is Japanese. Mening mashinam Yaponiyada ishlab chiqarilgan.
My children aren’t rude. Mening bolalarim qo’pol emas.
I’m 1.75 metres tall. Bo’yimning balandligi 1,75 sm.
• Opinions (kimdir yoki nimadir haqida fikr bildirishni ko’rsatadi):
This book is boring. Bu kitob zerikarli.
These songs are popular. Bu qo’shiqlar mashxur.
• Position/location/time (joy va vaqtni ko’rsatadi):
Uzbekistan is in Central Asia. O’zbekiston Markaziy osiyoda joylashgan.
It’s two o’clock. Soat ikki bo’ldi.
• Someone’s job/position (kimningdir kasbi yoki lavozimini ko’rsatadi):
Karen Brady is a business woman. Keren Breidi biznesmen ayol.
We’re students. Bizlar talabalarmiz.
• Someone’s nationality (kimningdir millatini ko’rsatadi):
Karen Brady is English. Keren Breidi - ingliz.
We’re Uzbeks. Bizlar o’zbekmiz.