Psychology of management

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. One of considerable factors is employees’ 
physical distance
of collective members. 
A person working close by is more often considered a better friend than a person who works at 
some distance. 
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. An important factor is the presence of objects 
provoking aggression
. D. Stutt 
describes a research of how the presence of inanimate objects influences group members’ 
behavior. One part of a group of college students who were made angry on purpose was in a 
room with a gun, while another part was in a room with a badminton racket. Then students were 
offered to apply to others what they thought was an electric shocker. The students who were 
close to the gun tried to switch a stronger voltage than those who were close to the racket. A 
simple presence of an object associated with aggression led to increase of aggression in their 
behavior.
The so-called stratometric concept of a collective also deserves for attention. According 
to this concept, as the relations determining the state and the level of a collective’s development 
act not a certain satisfaction or mechanical unity, but people’s subject interaction and relations 
mediated by the aims, tasks, and values of common activity, i.e. by its real content. 
From Petrovskiy’s point of view, in a collective there can be detected certain levels, or 
layers (strata) of group activity. The first, surface layer, is made by interaction peculiarities: 
leaders and those being led, compatible and incompatible, contacting and not contacting, etc. 
The second layer, lying deeper, is formed by a collective’s own features as those of a 
people community in which their emotional elations and interaction is mediated by the content of 
mutual activity, its aims, tasks, and values. 
The third, deep-laying layer, is formed by the tendency of separate personalities to 
correlate their activity with socially meaningful mutual purposeful activity. 
Formation of social-and-psychological climate is also influenced by national, religious, 
racial, and other factors.