The opinions expressed are those of the authors and
editors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or views
of UNICEF.
Front cover photo: © UNICEF/HQ05-1787/Giacomo Pirozzi
Design and Layout: Gerber Creative,
Denmark
© 2007 The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
ISBN: 978-88-89129-60-9
ISSN: 1028-3528
ii
Innocenti Digest No. 13
acknowledgements
The UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in Florence,
Italy, was established in 1988 to strengthen the
research capability of the United Nations Children’s
Fund and to support its advocacy for children
worldwide. The Centre (formally known as the
International Child Development Centre)
helps to
identify and research current and future areas of
UNICEF’s work. Its prime objectives are to improve
international understanding of issues relating to
children’s rights and to help facilitate the full imple-
mentation of the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child in developing and industrialized
countries. Innocenti
Digests are produced by the
Centre to provide reliable and accessible informa-
tion on specific child rights issues.
The underlying research for this issue of the
Innocenti Digest was carried out by Michael Miller.
It has been updated and completed by Peter Mittler
and David Parker. The Digest was prepared under
the guidance of the Innocenti Research Centre’s
Director, Marta Santos Pais.
Thanks are extended to Nora Groce, Gulbadan
Habibi and Lena Saleh
for their expert guidance
and perspectives. This publication benefited
from the contributions of participants in an initial
consultation held at UNICEF IRC including Tony
Booth, Susie Burrows, Nigel Cantwell, Sunil
Deepak,
Gaspar Fajth, Maryam Farzanegan,
Garren Lumpkin, Maura Marchegiani, Penny
Mittler, Michael O’Flaherty, Richard Rieser, Flora
Sibanda Mulder, Alan Silverman, Sheriffo Sonko,
Marc Suhrcke, Illuminata Tukai, Renzo Vianello
and Christina Wahlund Nilsson.
Significant
contributions, including comments on drafts,
were subsequently made by Naira Avetisyan, Nora
Groce, Geraldine Mason Halls, Garren Lumpkin,
Reuben McCarthy, Federico Montero,
Kozue Kay
Nagata, Voichita Pop, Smaranda Poppa, Marta
Santos Pais, Helen Schulte, Nicola Shepherd and
Traian Vrasmas. The input of Nicola Shepherd in
relation to the Convention
on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities is particularly acknowledged.
Research support was provided by Shaista
Ahmed, Adam Eckstein, Virginia Dalla Pozza,
Monica Della Croce, Sarah Enright and Georg
Stahl. Administrative support was provided by
Claire Akehurst.
The IRC Communication and