Present Simple Hozirgi oddiy zamon quyidagi holatlarda ishlatiladi

2-holat: Agar muallif gapi o’tgan zamonlarning birida bo’lsa:

-Ko’chirma gapda zamon bir zamon orqaga suriladi, ya’ni quyidagicha

-Ko’chirma gapdagi ravishlar( yoki vaqtli birikmalar) va joylar quyidagicha o’zgaradi:

Come

Go

“Come here”, said tim –Tim said to go there.

Eslatma: Quyidagi holatlarda muallif gapi o’tgan zamonlarda bo’lsa ham,

ko’chirma gapning zamoni o’zgarmaydi:

1.Past perfect va perfect continuous zamonlari o’zgarmay qoladi.

For.ex:

He said, “We had finished our work by 6 o’clock	He said(that) they had finished their work by 6 o’clock
U dedi:”Biz ishimizni soat oltigacha tugatgan edik.”	U ishlarini soat oltigacha tugatganliklarini aytdi.

2. Could, might, would, should,ought to, had better, used to va mustn’t o’zgarmay qoladi. For.ex:

Mary said,”I could swim very well”	Mary said(that) she could swim very well.
He said,” I used to live in a big house”	He said (that) he used to live in a big house
She said,”you mustn’t smoke here”	She said(that) I mustn’t smoke here

3.Must modal fe’li taxminni ifodalaganda o’zgarmay qoladi.

“you must be tired” Paul said to Susan	Paul told Susan (that) she must be tired
Paul Syuznga aytdi:”Sen charchagan bo’lsang kerak”	Paul Syuznga charchagan bo’lsang kerak dedi.

4.Ko’pincha tabiat qonunlari va umumiy haqiqatlar ya’ni faktlar o’zgarmay qoladi.

The teacher said,”Paris is the capital of France”

The teacher said (that)Paris is the capital of France

Lekin: umumiy haqiqat bo’lmasa zamoni o’zgaradi:

For.ex: “Canada is a poor country” said she.-She said Canada was a poor country.

5.Ish harakatning sodir bo’lish vaqti ko’rsatilgan bo’lsa(Shuningdek When/While li qo’shma gaplar) Past Simple va Past Contiuous zamonlari o’zgarmay qoladi.

He said,”I began to study English in 2011	He said (that) he began to study English in 2011
She said,”I met John when I was crossing the road”	She said(that) she met John when she was crossing the road

6.Conditonals Type 2,Type 3( condishinlning 2- va 3- turlari) va “wishes”(wishli gaplar) o’zgarmaydi.

“If I had more time, I would take up a hobby” Eric said to me.	Eric told me (that) if he had more time, he would take up a hobby
“If I hadn’t parked my car on a double yellow line,I wouldn’t have got a ticket”Sam said	Sam said (that)If he hadn’t parked my car on a double yellow line,he wouldn’t have got a ticket.
“I wish I were/was famous”said he.	He said (that)he wished he were/was famous

I.SO’ROQ GAPLARDA O’ZLASHTIRMA GAPGA AYLANTIRISH.

Ko’chirma gaplarda ikki xil so’roq turlariga to’xtalib o’tamiz:

a) yordamchi fe’llar bilan boshlanuvchi umumiy so’roq gaplar;

b) Wh yoki H bilan boshlanuvchi maxsus so’roq gaplar;

1.Yordamchi yoki modal fe’l bilan boshlangan so’roq gaplarni o’zlashtirma gaplarga aylantirganda:

-muallif gapidagi to say fe’li to ask fe’liga almashadi;

-muallif gapi bilan ko’chirma gapni if yoki whether bog’lovchilar bilan bog’lanadi;

-so’roq gap esa darak shaklda yoziladi

-va yuqoridagi aytilgan kerakli o’zgartirishlar qilinadi; For.ex:

He said to her,”Can you drive?”	He asked her if/whether I could drive.
He asked Nancy,”Do you want to see the new film?”	He asked if/whether she wanted to see the new film.

2.Maxsus so’roq gaplarni o’zlashtirma gaplarga aylantirganda quyidagi o’zgartirishlar qilinadi:

a) so’roq gap boshida kelgan so’roq so’z yoki so’zlar muallif gapidan keyin kelib, uni ko’chirma gap bilan bog’lash uchun xizmzat qiladi;

b)so’roq gap tartibi darak gap tartibiga aylantiriladi;

c) kesim (yordamchi, modal va asosiy fe’l) egadan keyin qo’yiladi;

d)so’roq belgisi tushirib qoldiriladi;

e) va darak gaplarni o’zlashtirmaga aylantirishdagi boshqa o’zgartirishlar qilinadi.

For.ex:

1.He asked me,”Where do they live?”	He asked me where they lived.
U mendan so’radi:”Ular qayerda yashaydi?”	U mendan ularning qayerda yashashini so’radi.
2. He asked,”Where were you yesterday?”	He asked where I had been the day before.
U so’radi:”Siz kecha qayerda edingiz?”	U bir kun oldin qayerda ekanimni so’radi.

Eslatma:muallif gapning kesimi bo’lib faqat to ask fe’li kelmaydi, balki shuningdek I wonder, I inquire, I want to know, Could you tell me..., Do you know..., Have you any idea... kabilar ham kelishi mumkin. For.ex:





I.BUYRUQ (TAKLIF VA ILTIMOS) GAPLARDA O’ZLASHTIRMA GAPGA AYLANTIRISH.

1.Ko’chirma gap buyruq bo’lsa, muallif gapi to say o’zlashtirmaga aylantirganda to tell fe’liga almashtiriladi , va ko’chirma gapdagi fe’l infinitive ko’rinishida yoziladi.For.ex:

He said,”Come here”	He told to go there.
She said,”Don’t go out”	She told not to go out.

2.Ko’chirma gap iltimos bo’lsa, muallif gapi to say o’zlashtirmaga aylantirganda to ask fe’liga almashtiriladi, va iltimos so’zi(please) tushib qoladi, ko’chirma gapdagi fe’l infinitive ko’rinishida yoziladi. For.ex:

He said,”Please, help me”	He asked to help him
She said,”Could you open the door?”	She asked to open the door

3.Ko’chirma gap taklif bo’lsa, Muallif gapi to suggest almashtiriladi. Ko’chirma gapdagi Let’s birikmasi tushib qoladi va fe’l Gerund ko’rinishda yoziladi. For. ex:

They said,”Let’s have dinner”

They suggested having dinner

MODALS

A. Can (qila olmoq)

1.Aqliy qobiliyatni ifodalaydi.

For.ex: He can speak 5 languages-U besh tilda gapira oladi.

2.Jismoniy qobiliyatni ifodalaydi.

For.ex: I can run 10km without stopping-Men to’xtamasdan 10 km yugura olaman.