E.The adverb of Cause and Consequence.(sabab va natija)
Therefore-shuning uchun
consequently-natijada
accordingly-ga muvofiq
because-chunki
so-shuning uchun
then-keyin,so’ngra
however-biroq
nevertheless-shunga qaramay
besides-dan tashqari
moreover-bundan tashqari
otherwise-aks hollarda
F.The adverb of Interrogative.(so’roq ravishi)
where-qayerda(ga)
when-qachon
why-nega
how much-qancha
Note: So’roq olmoshlari gapda bog’lovchi bo’lib ham kelishi mumkin.
For.ex:I called when he was away.
G.The adverb of Quantity and Degree.(miqdor-daraja ravishi)
very-juda
quite-ancha,juda
too-juda
almost-deyarli
entirely-to’liq,butunlay
rather-juda
sufficiently-yetarli
enough-yetarli
little-kam,oz
much-ko’p
so-shunday,shuncha,juda
hardly-zo’rg’a,arang
scarcely-arang,zo’rg’a
nearly-deyarli
II.Forms of Adverbs(Ravishning shakllari)
1.Sodda ravishlar: almost,here,now…
2.Yasama ravishlar: Bularga sifat tarkibiga “-ly” qo’shimchasini qo’shish orqali yasalgan sifatlar kiradi. For.ex:
Adjective
|
adverb
|
Soft
|
softly
|
Bright
|
brightly
|
Careful
|
carefully
|
Honest
|
honestly
|
Helpful
|
helpfully
|
Happy
|
happily
|
Terrible
|
terribly
|
Beautiful
|
beautifully
|
Slow
|
slowly
|
Quick
|
quickly
|
Economic
|
economically
|
Historic
|
historically
|
Considerable
|
considerably
|
Serious
|
seriously
|
Automatic
|
automatically
|
Scientific
|
scientifically
|
Diqqat e’tibor bering!
Sifatga -ly qo’shib ravish yasaganda quyidagicha fonetik o’zgarishlar bo’lishi mumkin.
1. Normal holat: serious-serious ly
2.-le bilan tugaydigan sifatlarda –e tushib qoladi va –y qabul qiladi: gentl e-gent ly
3.-y bilan tugaydigan sifatlarda –y tushib qoladi va –ily qabul qiladi: happ y-happ ily
4.-l bilan tugaydigan sifatlar –ly ni qabul qiladi: awfu l-awful ly
5.-ic bilan tugaydigan sifatlar, odatda –ally qabul qiladi: dramat ic-dramatic ally BUT: publ ic-public ly
6.-e bilan tugaydigan sifatlarga –ly qo’shiladi. polit e-polite ly BUT: tru e-tru ly
NOTE: -ly bilan tugaydigan shunday so’zlar borki ular ravish emas, balki sifatdir.
elderly-qari,keksa
lively-quvnoq,jonli,qizg’in,jo’shqin
lonely-yolg’iz, yakka
cowardly-qo’rqoq
friendly-samimiy,do’stona
likely-ehtimol,yuz berishi mumkin bo’lgan
deadly-o’limga olib keladigan,zerikarli
silly-ahmoqona,ahmoq
ugly-xunuk,badbashara, noxush
lovely-ajoyib, chiroyli,go’zal,
courtly-xushmuomila, nozik,nafis,nazokatli
heavenly-samoviy,ajoyib,juda yoqimli
earthly-yerga oid, yer…, bo’lishi mumkin bo’lgan
worldly-dunyoviy
sisterly-opalarchga, singillarcha
brotherly-akalarcha,birodarlarcha
motherly-onalarcha,onalik
princely-shahzodalardek
saintly-ilohiy,muqaddas
For.ex: She has lovely eyes
Ba’zi ravishlar sifatlardek bir xil shaklga ega. Ular gapda kelishiga qarab farqlanadi:
Hard-qattiq,qiyin
fast-tez
free-erkin,ozod,tekin
high-baland
low-past
deep-chuqur
early-erta
late-kech
long-uzun,uzoq vaqt
near-yaqin,yaqinida
straight-to’gri(ga)
right-o’ng,to’g’ri, o’ngga
wrong-noto’g’ri
hourly-har soatda bo’ladigan,har soatda
daily-kundalik,kunda bo’ladigan,kunda
weekly-haftalik, har haftada
monthly-oylik,har oyda
yearly-yillik,har yili
III. Degrees of Adverbs
Ayrim ravishlarda sifatlardagi kabi oddiy,qiyosiy,orttirma darajalar mavjud. Ammo o’rin, payt, sabab-natija va so’roq ravishlarida daraja yo’q.
I.Bir bo’g’inli va sifat bilan bir xil shakldagi ravishlar
|
Positive
|
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
early
|
|
earlier
|
earliest
|
hard
|
|
harder
|
hardest
|
late
|
|
later
|
latest
|
soon
|
|
sooner
|
soonest
|
fast
|
|
faster
|
fastest
|
long
|
|
longer
|
longest
|
II.Sifatlarga “-ly” qo’shimchasini qo’shish orqali yasalgan ravishlar
|
Positive
|
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
clearly
|
|
more clearly
|
most clearly
|
fluently
|
|
more fluently
|
most fluently
|
carefully
|
|
more carefully
|
most carefully
|
comfortably
|
|
more comfortably
|
most comfortably
|
correctly
|
|
more correctly
|
most correctly
|
III.Irregular adverbs(noto’g’ri ravishlar)
|
Positive
|
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
well
|
|
better
|
best
|
badly
|
|
worse
|
worst
|
much
|
|
more
|
most
|
little
|
|
less
|
least
|
far
|
|
farther/further
|
farthest/furthest
|
NOTE: Quyida ravishlarning darajasi 2 xil bo’lishi mumkin.
Positive
|
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
Often
|
|
oftener/more often
|
oftenest/most often
|
Quickly
|
|
quicker/more quickly
|
quickest/most quickly
|
Slowly
|
|
slower/more slowly
|
slowest/most slowly
|
For.ex: He earns as much as his wife.(U uning xotinidek ko’p pul ishlab topadi.)
Tom came earlier than you.(Tom senga qaraganda ertaroq keldi)
Robert runs faster than Bernard(Robert Bernardga qaraganda tezroq yuguradi)
John came late. Ali came later. George came latest of all.(John kech keldi, Ali kechroq keldi, Gorj hammasidan eng kech keldi)
IV. Position of Adverbs
Ingliz tilida ravish asosan uchta turkumni belgisini ifodalab keladi:
a) Verb(action verb)
For.ex: We did our homework carefully ( How did we do our homework?)
b) Adjective
For.ex: Food is extremely good.(Ovqat juda yaxshi)
He is seriously ill.(U jiddiy kasal)
reasonably cheap
|
juda arzon
|
terribly sorry
|
juda afsus
|
incredibly quick
|
juda tez
|
surprisingly easy
|
juda oson
|
extremely good
|
juda yaxshi
|
absolutely enormous
|
g’oyatda katta
|
seriously ill
|
jiddiy kasal
|
completely changed
|
mutlaqo o’zgargan
|
badly organized
|
yamon tashkillashtirilgan
|
brilliantly clever
|
juda aqlli
|
bitterly cold/disappointed
|
juda sovuq/ko’ngli kolgan
|
deeply grateful
|
juda minnatdor
|
c) Adverb
For.ex: Maria learns languages incredibly quickly.
V. Order of Adverbs(Ravishning gapdagi o’rni)
1.Ravishlar odatda fe’llardan keyin, ammo sifatlar,boshqa ravishlar va sifatdosh II dan oldin joylashadi.
For.ex: He speaks softly (U ohista gapiradi).
She is amazingly beautiful.(U juda chiroyli).
He drove very fast.(U juda tez mashina haydaydi)
Computers are extensively used nowadays.(Kompyuterlardan hozirgi kunda juda keng foydalanilayapti).
2.Holat ravishlari asosiy fe’ldan oldin, yordamchi fe’lda keyin yoki gapning oxirida keladi.
For.ex: She easily passed the exam.(U imtihondan osonlik bilan o’tdi).
We are eagerly waiting for his letter.(Biz uning xatini intizorlik bilan kutayapmiz).
He acted foolishly.(U o’zini ahmoqlarcha tutdi).
3.Miqdor daraja ravishlari(absolutely,completely,totally,extremely,very,quite,rather etc.) sifat, ravish yoki fe’ldan oldin lekin, yordamchi fe’ldan keyin keladi:
For.ex: This is totally unacceptable( Bu mutlaqo noma’qu).
They arrived rather early.(Ular juda erta yetib keldi)
We absolutely love her sense of humour.(Biz uning yumorga boy tarafini juda yoqtiramiz)
I don’t quite understand what you mean.(Men sen nimani aytayotganingni mutlaqo tushunmayapman)
4.Takror ravishlari asosiy fe’ldan oldin, yordamchi fe’ldan keyin keladi.
For.ex: Sam often complains about his salary.
He is always ready to help.
5.O’rin va payt ravishlar odatdaI gapning oxirida keladi.
For.ex: There is a café nearby.
I’ll meet you tomorrow.
6.Agar ravishga urg’u bersak,uni gapning boshida qo’yiladi.
For.ex: Slowly, he closed the door behind him.
Yesterday, I met the President.
7.Agar ikki yoki undan ortiq ravish kelsa, quyidagicha joylashadi. Manner-place –time
For.ex: The baby slept quietly in his cot all night long
Note: go,come va leave ga kabi harakat fe’llari bo’lsa, tartib quyidagicha bo’ladi.Place-manner-time
For.ex: He came to work by bus this morning.
VI. Extra information for Adverbs
1.So va Such ravishlarining farqlari.
I. a) So ravishidan keyin asosan adjective yoki adverb keladi.
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