Present Simple Hozirgi oddiy zamon quyidagi holatlarda ishlatiladi

Were + S + to V₁, S + would/could/might + V₁


For.ex: If I knew English, I could speak to anyone in the world.OR Were I to know English, I could speak anyone in the world.(Agar ingliz tilini bilsam, dunyodagi istagan odam bilan gaplasha olardim)
IF For PAST
If + S + Past perfect, S + would/should/could/might + have + done.

Had + S + done , S + would/should/could/might + have + done.

For.ex: If he had known, he would have told us.OR Had he known , he would have told us.(Agar u bilganida edi, bizga aytgan bo’lardi.)
IV.SUBJUNCTIVE.(bu if va wish li gaplardan tashqari, fe’lning birinchi shaklda kelishiga ham aytiladi.)
A. Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin subjunctive yoki should V₁ ishlatiladi:

S +	advice	( that) +	S +	(should )V1 Subjunctive
	ask
	demand
	insist
	propose
	recommend
	request
	suggest
	urge

For.ex: I demanded that he apologise OR I demanded he should apologise.( Men uni kechirim so’rashini talab qildim).
Mrs Jones Insisted (that) I study harder OR She insisted (that) I should study.( Jones xonim meni qattiqroq o’qishim talab qildi).
_{B.Quyidagi sifatlardan keyin subjunctive yoki should v1}

It is +	important	(that)	S +	(should) V1 subjunctive
	necessary
	vital
	essential
	imperative

For.ex: It is essential (that) everyone be on time OR It is essential (that) everyone should be on time.(Hamma vaqtida kelishi muhim).
It is necessary (that) he find the book OR It is necessary (that) he should find the book.
(U kitobni topishi muhim.)
V. WOULD RATHER.( yaxshisi, ma’qul)
1. would rather bu iboradan keyin agar ish-harakatni ega bajarishni afzal ko’rsa,bunday holatda ikki xil holatni kuzatish mumkin:
a) birinchi holatda would ratherdan keyin V₁ ishlatiladi va ma’no “present”or “future” da bo’ladi: For.ex: I would rather do my shopping tomorrow(future).Men ertaga ertaga xarid qilishni ma’qul ko’raman.
I would rather not read a book (present). Men kitob o’qishni afzal ko’rmayaman.
b)ikkinchi holatda esa ‘would rather’ dan keyin have done ishlatiladi va ma’no esa “past’ da bo’ladi:
For.ex:I would rather have done my shopping yesterday(past).Men kecha xarid qilishni ma’qul ko’rdim.
I would rather not have gone to the party last night.(past).Men o’tgan tunda bazmga bormaslikni ma’qul ko’rdim.
2.Agar ega boshqa birovning biror ish-harakatni qilishini afzal ko’rsa, would rather dan keyin gap keladi.
a) I would rather + S + past simple(present/future)
For.ex: I’d rather kate stayed with us tonight.(Present)( Men Keytni bugun kechqurun biz bilan qolishini ma’qul ko’raman)
b) I would rather + S + Past perfect ( past)
For.ex: I’d rather Sam hadn’t taken his father’s car yesterday.(past)Men Samni kecha dadasining mashinasini olmasligini ma’qul ko’rdim
Direct and Reported Speech
1.Bir odamning gapini boshqa birovga o’zgartirmasdan yetkazish ko’chirma gap deyiladi va u doim qo’shtirnoq ichida beriladi.
For. ex: He said, “I will wait for you” ! Bu yerda”I will wait for you”-Ko’chirma gap; He said-Muallif gapi
2.Bir odamning gapini to’ldiruvchi ergash gap yordamida faqat mazmunini yetkazish o’zlashtirma gap deyiladi va bunda qo’shtirnoq va vergul tushib qoladi.
For. ex: He said that he would wait for me.
Ko’chirma gaplar darak gaplar, so’roq gaplar va buyruq(buyruq,taklif va iltimos) gaplarga bo’linadi.
I.DARAK GAPLARNI O’ZLASHTIRMA GAPGA AYLANTIRISH