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fell sharply
in 2013.
Desaibing quantities
Much,
man�
a lot (of), a little, a
few
(see page
25)
How much
and
How many
•
You use
How much
in questions with uncountable nouns.
How much
time do
most
teenagers spend on their
homework?
How much
studying did you do at school?
•
You use
How many
in questions with countable nouns.
How many
people have smart phones?
How many
hours do you spend travelling?
Talking about quantity
To talk about a small quantity, you can use
a little, a few,
not much
and
not many.
To talk about a large quantity, you can use
a lot of
and
lots of.
For countable nouns you use
lots of, a lot of, a few
and
not many.
There are
lots of
students.
There are
a lot of
teenagers.
There are
a few
older students.
There are
not many
younger
boys.
For uncountable nouns you use
lots of, a lot of, a little
and
not much.
There is
not much
help.
There
is
a lot of
money.
Remember!
A little
is more positive than
not much,
and
a few
is more positive than
not many.
There are
a few
shops
in the village.
(=
T here are
five or six shops.
I
think this is enough.}
There
aren't many
shops
in the village.
(=
There
are five or six shops.
I
don't think this is enough.}
There
is
a
little information on their website.
{= I think this is enough.}
There
isn't
much
information on their website.
(=
I
don't think this is enough.}
Grammar guide
-
Few I A few
and
little I a little
These sentences show the difference between
few, a
few, little
and
a little.
I have
few
friends.
=
I don't have many friends.
I have
a few
DVDs.
=
I have some DVDs.
There was
very little
food left at the end of the party.
=
There wasn't much food left.
There was
a little
food left at the end of the party.
=
There was some food left.
A few (of),
some
(of),
most
(of), all (of)
You can use
a few, some, most
and
all (of)
+ noun to
describe sections or parts of a group of people or things.
Most children
go to school.
A few of us
have been to the cinema this week.
Some
people in the group
reported that they had
changed their diet.
Some
of the work
is difficult.
All of the girls
could swim, but only
a few of them
could dive.
Remember!
A few
is only used with countable nouns. Use
less
to describe uncountable quantities.
Less time is spent doing homework in the summer.
Adverbs for talking about approximate
numbers
Sometimes, you need to talk about numbers in a less
precise way. You can use adverbs like
approximately,
just over, just under, almost, nearly, around
and
about
in front of a number or quantity if you are not sure
of the exact number.
The number rose by
approximately
20 per cent in
2015.
Just over
a third of visitors were aged 30-40.
Just under
a
quarter of cinema visitors are between
15 and 25 years old.
Almost
half of the children had been to the cinema in
the holidays.
There was an improvement in nearly all the teams.
Around
two hundred protestors were arrested.
I
saw
about
nine dogs on the beach
Several
and
a couple (of)
You can only use
several
and
a couple of
before
countable nouns.
-
Grammar guide
There are
a couple of
people waiting for you.
I've been to
several
football matches this year.
Talclng about
,
events that began In the past
Present perfect
(see pages 40 and 71)
Uses of the present perfect
You use the present perfect when you want to talk about
the present effects of something that happened or started
in the past.
You can use the present perfect:
•
to talk about something that happened in the past but
that is still important in the present.
What's the matter, Ann?
I've lost
my purse.
•
to describe something that started in the past and is
still happening now.
A: Do you know this part of town?
B: Yes,
I've lived
here for ten years.
•
to talk about things you have done at some time in the
past.
I've
been
to America three times.
I've
never
read
any Harry Potter books.
•
with
just
to talk about the recent past.
I've just finished
my exams. I'm
so
happy.
A: Do you want
some
of my chocolate?
B: No thanks,
I've just
eaten.
•
with
ever
to ask questions to find out things that
people have done.
A:
Have
you
ever
eaten
Japanese food?
B: Yes, many times.
•
with
yet
and
already.
Have
you
done
your homework
yet?
Don't tell me what happens at the end of the film.
I
haven't
seen
it
yet.
They don't need to raise the price of petrol.
It's already
increased.
Rememberf
You use already in positive sentences and yet in
negative sentences and questions.
Form of the present perfect
have/has
+
past participle
The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding -ed
to the infinitive. If the infinitive ends in
-e,
you add only -d.
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