Практическая грамматика

Have you been alone, Florence, since I was here last? (Dickens)
This use of the Present Perfect is called the Present Perfect Inclusive.
The Present Perfect Inclusive is used:
a) with verbs not admitting of the Continuous form.
"There is nothing to be done. She's dead—has been dead for hours," said the doctor. (Eliot)
b) in negative sentences. (In this case the Present Perfect Continuous is not impossible).
I have not slept since that night. (Bennett)
c) with non-terminative verbs such as to live, to work, to study, to teach, to travel, etc. (In this case the Present Perfect Continuous is possible.)
I have worked upon the problem for a long time without reaching any conclusion. (Shaw)
How long have you lived here?
The Present Perfect in this case is translated into Russian by the present or sometimes by the past imperfective.
I have known him for many years.
Я знаю его много лет.
I have always been fond of music.
Я всегда любил музыку.
Note. In the following cases the Present Perfect is not used.
1. Что вы сказали? What did you say?
2. Теперь я понял. Now I understand.
The Present Perfect is hardly ever used in the following cases.
1. Я не слышал вашего вопроса. I did not hear your question.
2.Мне сказали, что Мэри в Москве. I am told that Mary is in Moscow.
3. Я слышал, что Мэри в Москве. I hear that Mary is in Moscow,
("to hear'" is not a verb of sense perception here, it means ' "the rumour reached me")
With the verb to forget expressing a certain fact both the Present Indefinite and the Present Perfect can be used.
1. Я забыл, где он живет. I forget (have forgotten) where he lives.
2. Я забыл название книги. I forget (have forgotten) the title of
the book.
Compare: I have forgotten to ring her up (a certain action).